Suchergebnisse

Résumé Dans cet article, on développe un modèle stochastique d'équilibre général basé sur la théorie des zones monétaires optimales et permettant d'évaluer les effets stabilisateurs et redistributifs du fédéralisme fiscal dans une union monétaire. Plusieurs modes d'attribution des transferts sont envisagés. On dégage que les méthodes basées sur le revenu stabilisent le niveau d'activité, alors que les règles basées sur le chômage sont généralement déstabilisatrices. On propose toutefois un aménagement de ces dernières qui induit une stabilisation du revenu et minimise les effets redistributifs non désirés.

Cet article discute de la manière dont les interventions publiques au nveau local ou sectoriel peuvent affecter la migration et le déplacement humain forcé. Il analyse l'évaluation empirique concernant l'impact des interventions ciblées sur la propension à émigrer, soit par choix, soit de manière forcée. La littérature académique sur les conséquences des interventions publiques locales ou sectorielles sur le comportement des individus en termes de mobilité humaine reste assez éparse et de nouvelles approches s'avèrent nécessaires pour appréhender de manière plus appropriée les différents canaux de transmission. L'article propose dès lors plusieurs pistes de recherche potentielles et d'options méthodologiques afin d'acquérir une meilleure compréhension de la manière dont les interventions publiques spécifiques peuvent atténuer les effets des conditions défavorables favorisant la migration illégale et le déplacement humain forcé.

AbstractThis paper analyzes how countries' provision of migrant rights affects potential migrants' destination choice. Combining data on bilateral migration desires from over 140 origin countries and data on migrant rights in 38 mainly OECD destination countries over the period 2007–2014, we find that potential migrants tend to favour destinations that are more open to the inclusion of immigrants into their society. In particular, better access to and conditions on the labour market as well as access to nationality and to permanent residency significantly increase the perceived attractiveness of a destination country. These results are robust across different specifications and hold for subsamples of origin countries as well as of destinations. Moreover, some results vary across types of respondents. Educational opportunities for migrants, for instance, affect the migration desires of individuals aged 15 to 24, but less so of individuals in other age groups.

The Canadian government made major changes in 2014 to both the Temporary Foreign Worker (TFW) Program and the permanent economic immigration system. Under the previous system and its enforcement, temporary foreign workers were in competition with some Canadian residents, resulting in major political backlash. In addition, permanent immigrants to Canada were not generally moving to locations with the strongest demand for jobs. The federal changes to the TFW Program limited the kinds of workers companies could bring in, made the applications more rigorous, and set an employer-specific cap on the use of TFWs. These changes will lead to a decrease in the number of TFWs working in Canada. In the permanent immigration system, the government modified the traditional points system and created the Express Entry System. International applicants must meet a threshold of points before the government will invite them to apply for immigration. The system is skewed toward labour-market demand. It rewards workers who have skills that the federal government determines the labour market needs. It also rewards permanent immigrants who have a Canadian job offer. We expect that the changes to the permanent immigration system will have many positive results. Immigrants will have better skills and improved job-market outcomes, and they will meet employer needs more closely than permanent immigrants did in the past. Likewise, recent changes to the TFW Program will improve the labour market for existing residents. However, the changes in the immigration system may have some unintended consequences. First, they make it difficult for international students at Canadian universities to become permanent residents. Further, whereas TFWs were the main source of labour-market competition for Canadian residents until 2014, new permanent immigrants will increasingly compete with Canadian residents. This change will have profound implications for interprovincial migration. Lastly, the permanent immigration policy prioritizes skills currently in demand, and that preference may decrease the immigration of workers whose skills may be more important in the longer term.

AbstractThis paper examines the relationship between international migration and source country fertility. The impact of international migration on source country fertility may have a number of causes, including a transfer of destination countries' fertility norms. We provide a rigorous test of the diffusion of fertility norms using highly detailed original data on migration. Our results provide evidence of a significant transfer of destination countries' fertility norms from migrants to their country of origin: a 1% decrease (increase) in the fertility norm to which migrants are exposed reduces (raises) home country fertility by about 0.3%. JEL classification: J13, J61, O11