Suchergebnisse

National audience ; Climate change and air quality are closely related: through the policy measures implemented to mitigate these major environmental threats but also through the geophysical processes that drive them. We designed, developed and implemented a comprehensive regional air quality and climate modelling system to investigate future air quality in Europe taking into account the combined pressure of future climate change and long range transport. Using the prospective scenarios of the last generation of pathways for both climate change (emissions of well mixed greenhouse gases) and air pollutants, we can provide a quantitative view into the possible future air quality in Europe. We find that ozone pollution will decrease substantially under the most stringent scenario but the efforts of the air quality legislation will be adversely compensated by the penalty of global warming and long range transport for the business as usual scenario. For particulate matter, the projected reduction of emissions efficiently reduces exposure levels. ; Changement climatique et qualité de l'air sont intimement liés : à travers les politiques de gestion mises en oeuvre pour atténuer ces menaces environnementales majeures mais aussi à travers les processus géophysiques qui les gouvernent. Afin de pouvoir étudier l'évolution de la pollution atmosphérique en Europe en prenant en compte l'influence conjointe du changement climatique et du transport à longue distance, nous avons conçu, développé et mis en oeuvre un système complet de modélisation régionale du climat et de la qualité de l'air. En utilisant des scénarios prospectifs de dernière génération relatifs au changement climatique (émissions de gaz à effet de serre) mais aussi pour les polluants à courte durée de vie, nous avons pu proposer une quantification de l'évolution future de la qualité de l'air en Europe. D'après le scénario le plus volontariste, la pollution liée à l'ozone sera réduite de manière substantielle mais les efforts positifs induits par les politiques ...

National audience ; Climate change and air quality are closely related: through the policy measures implemented to mitigate these major environmental threats but also through the geophysical processes that drive them. We designed, developed and implemented a comprehensive regional air quality and climate modelling system to investigate future air quality in Europe taking into account the combined pressure of future climate change and long range transport. Using the prospective scenarios of the last generation of pathways for both climate change (emissions of well mixed greenhouse gases) and air pollutants, we can provide a quantitative view into the possible future air quality in Europe. We find that ozone pollution will decrease substantially under the most stringent scenario but the efforts of the air quality legislation will be adversely compensated by the penalty of global warming and long range transport for the business as usual scenario. For particulate matter, the projected reduction of emissions efficiently reduces exposure levels. ; Changement climatique et qualité de l'air sont intimement liés : à travers les politiques de gestion mises en oeuvre pour atténuer ces menaces environnementales majeures mais aussi à travers les processus géophysiques qui les gouvernent. Afin de pouvoir étudier l'évolution de la pollution atmosphérique en Europe en prenant en compte l'influence conjointe du changement climatique et du transport à longue distance, nous avons conçu, développé et mis en oeuvre un système complet de modélisation régionale du climat et de la qualité de l'air. En utilisant des scénarios prospectifs de dernière génération relatifs au changement climatique (émissions de gaz à effet de serre) mais aussi pour les polluants à courte durée de vie, nous avons pu proposer une quantification de l'évolution future de la qualité de l'air en Europe. D'après le scénario le plus volontariste, la pollution liée à l'ozone sera réduite de manière substantielle mais les efforts positifs induits par les politiques de gestion de la qualité de l'air seront contrebalancés par le changement climatique et le transport à longue distance pour le scénario statu-quo. En ce qui concerne les particules, les réductions d'émissions futures réduiront de manière efficace les niveaux d'exposition.

National audience ; Climate change and air quality are closely related: through the policy measures implemented to mitigate these major environmental threats but also through the geophysical processes that drive them. We designed, developed and implemented a comprehensive regional air quality and climate modelling system to investigate future air quality in Europe taking into account the combined pressure of future climate change and long range transport. Using the prospective scenarios of the last generation of pathways for both climate change (emissions of well mixed greenhouse gases) and air pollutants, we can provide a quantitative view into the possible future air quality in Europe. We find that ozone pollution will decrease substantially under the most stringent scenario but the efforts of the air quality legislation will be adversely compensated by the penalty of global warming and long range transport for the business as usual scenario. For particulate matter, the projected reduction of emissions efficiently reduces exposure levels. ; Changement climatique et qualité de l'air sont intimement liés : à travers les politiques de gestion mises en oeuvre pour atténuer ces menaces environnementales majeures mais aussi à travers les processus géophysiques qui les gouvernent. Afin de pouvoir étudier l'évolution de la pollution atmosphérique en Europe en prenant en compte l'influence conjointe du changement climatique et du transport à longue distance, nous avons conçu, développé et mis en oeuvre un système complet de modélisation régionale du climat et de la qualité de l'air. En utilisant des scénarios prospectifs de dernière génération relatifs au changement climatique (émissions de gaz à effet de serre) mais aussi pour les polluants à courte durée de vie, nous avons pu proposer une quantification de l'évolution future de la qualité de l'air en Europe. D'après le scénario le plus volontariste, la pollution liée à l'ozone sera réduite de manière substantielle mais les efforts positifs induits par les politiques de gestion de la qualité de l'air seront contrebalancés par le changement climatique et le transport à longue distance pour le scénario statu-quo. En ce qui concerne les particules, les réductions d'émissions futures réduiront de manière efficace les niveaux d'exposition.

National audience ; Climate change and air quality are closely related: through the policy measures implemented to mitigate these major environmental threats but also through the geophysical processes that drive them. We designed, developed and implemented a comprehensive regional air quality and climate modelling system to investigate future air quality in Europe taking into account the combined pressure of future climate change and long range transport. Using the prospective scenarios of the last generation of pathways for both climate change (emissions of well mixed greenhouse gases) and air pollutants, we can provide a quantitative view into the possible future air quality in Europe. We find that ozone pollution will decrease substantially under the most stringent scenario but the efforts of the air quality legislation will be adversely compensated by the penalty of global warming and long range transport for the business as usual scenario. For particulate matter, the projected reduction of emissions efficiently reduces exposure levels. ; Changement climatique et qualité de l'air sont intimement liés : à travers les politiques de gestion mises en oeuvre pour atténuer ces menaces environnementales majeures mais aussi à travers les processus géophysiques qui les gouvernent. Afin de pouvoir étudier l'évolution de la pollution atmosphérique en Europe en prenant en compte l'influence conjointe du changement climatique et du transport à longue distance, nous avons conçu, développé et mis en oeuvre un système complet de modélisation régionale du climat et de la qualité de l'air. En utilisant des scénarios prospectifs de dernière génération relatifs au changement climatique (émissions de gaz à effet de serre) mais aussi pour les polluants à courte durée de vie, nous avons pu proposer une quantification de l'évolution future de la qualité de l'air en Europe. D'après le scénario le plus volontariste, la pollution liée à l'ozone sera réduite de manière substantielle mais les efforts positifs induits par les politiques de gestion de la qualité de l'air seront contrebalancés par le changement climatique et le transport à longue distance pour le scénario statu-quo. En ce qui concerne les particules, les réductions d'émissions futures réduiront de manière efficace les niveaux d'exposition.

National audience ; Climate change and air quality are closely related: through the policy measures implemented to mitigate these major environmental threats but also through the geophysical processes that drive them. We designed, developed and implemented a comprehensive regional air quality and climate modelling system to investigate future air quality in Europe taking into account the combined pressure of future climate change and long range transport. Using the prospective scenarios of the last generation of pathways for both climate change (emissions of well mixed greenhouse gases) and air pollutants, we can provide a quantitative view into the possible future air quality in Europe. We find that ozone pollution will decrease substantially under the most stringent scenario but the efforts of the air quality legislation will be adversely compensated by the penalty of global warming and long range transport for the business as usual scenario. For particulate matter, the projected reduction of emissions efficiently reduces exposure levels. ; Changement climatique et qualité de l'air sont intimement liés : à travers les politiques de gestion mises en oeuvre pour atténuer ces menaces environnementales majeures mais aussi à travers les processus géophysiques qui les gouvernent. Afin de pouvoir étudier l'évolution de la pollution atmosphérique en Europe en prenant en compte l'influence conjointe du changement climatique et du transport à longue distance, nous avons conçu, développé et mis en oeuvre un système complet de modélisation régionale du climat et de la qualité de l'air. En utilisant des scénarios prospectifs de dernière génération relatifs au changement climatique (émissions de gaz à effet de serre) mais aussi pour les polluants à courte durée de vie, nous avons pu proposer une quantification de l'évolution future de la qualité de l'air en Europe. D'après le scénario le plus volontariste, la pollution liée à l'ozone sera réduite de manière substantielle mais les efforts positifs induits par les politiques de gestion de la qualité de l'air seront contrebalancés par le changement climatique et le transport à longue distance pour le scénario statu-quo. En ce qui concerne les particules, les réductions d'émissions futures réduiront de manière efficace les niveaux d'exposition.

National audience ; Climate change and air quality are closely related: through the policy measures implemented to mitigate these major environmental threats but also through the geophysical processes that drive them. We designed, developed and implemented a comprehensive regional air quality and climate modelling system to investigate future air quality in Europe taking into account the combined pressure of future climate change and long range transport. Using the prospective scenarios of the last generation of pathways for both climate change (emissions of well mixed greenhouse gases) and air pollutants, we can provide a quantitative view into the possible future air quality in Europe. We find that ozone pollution will decrease substantially under the most stringent scenario but the efforts of the air quality legislation will be adversely compensated by the penalty of global warming and long range transport for the business as usual scenario. For particulate matter, the projected reduction of emissions efficiently reduces exposure levels. ; Changement climatique et qualité de l'air sont intimement liés : à travers les politiques de gestion mises en oeuvre pour atténuer ces menaces environnementales majeures mais aussi à travers les processus géophysiques qui les gouvernent. Afin de pouvoir étudier l'évolution de la pollution atmosphérique en Europe en prenant en compte l'influence conjointe du changement climatique et du transport à longue distance, nous avons conçu, développé et mis en oeuvre un système complet de modélisation régionale du climat et de la qualité de l'air. En utilisant des scénarios prospectifs de dernière génération relatifs au changement climatique (émissions de gaz à effet de serre) mais aussi pour les polluants à courte durée de vie, nous avons pu proposer une quantification de l'évolution future de la qualité de l'air en Europe. D'après le scénario le plus volontariste, la pollution liée à l'ozone sera réduite de manière substantielle mais les efforts positifs induits par les politiques de gestion de la qualité de l'air seront contrebalancés par le changement climatique et le transport à longue distance pour le scénario statu-quo. En ce qui concerne les particules, les réductions d'émissions futures réduiront de manière efficace les niveaux d'exposition.

National audience ; Climate change and air quality are closely related: through the policy measures implemented to mitigate these major environmental threats but also through the geophysical processes that drive them. We designed, developed and implemented a comprehensive regional air quality and climate modelling system to investigate future air quality in Europe taking into account the combined pressure of future climate change and long range transport. Using the prospective scenarios of the last generation of pathways for both climate change (emissions of well mixed greenhouse gases) and air pollutants, we can provide a quantitative view into the possible future air quality in Europe. We find that ozone pollution will decrease substantially under the most stringent scenario but the efforts of the air quality legislation will be adversely compensated by the penalty of global warming and long range transport for the business as usual scenario. For particulate matter, the projected reduction of emissions efficiently reduces exposure levels. ; Changement climatique et qualité de l'air sont intimement liés : à travers les politiques de gestion mises en oeuvre pour atténuer ces menaces environnementales majeures mais aussi à travers les processus géophysiques qui les gouvernent. Afin de pouvoir étudier l'évolution de la pollution atmosphérique en Europe en prenant en compte l'influence conjointe du changement climatique et du transport à longue distance, nous avons conçu, développé et mis en oeuvre un système complet de modélisation régionale du climat et de la qualité de l'air. En utilisant des scénarios prospectifs de dernière génération relatifs au changement climatique (émissions de gaz à effet de serre) mais aussi pour les polluants à courte durée de vie, nous avons pu proposer une quantification de l'évolution future de la qualité de l'air en Europe. D'après le scénario le plus volontariste, la pollution liée à l'ozone sera réduite de manière substantielle mais les efforts positifs induits par les politiques de gestion de la qualité de l'air seront contrebalancés par le changement climatique et le transport à longue distance pour le scénario statu-quo. En ce qui concerne les particules, les réductions d'émissions futures réduiront de manière efficace les niveaux d'exposition.

National audience ; Climate change and air quality are closely related: through the policy measures implemented to mitigate these major environmental threats but also through the geophysical processes that drive them. We designed, developed and implemented a comprehensive regional air quality and climate modelling system to investigate future air quality in Europe taking into account the combined pressure of future climate change and long range transport. Using the prospective scenarios of the last generation of pathways for both climate change (emissions of well mixed greenhouse gases) and air pollutants, we can provide a quantitative view into the possible future air quality in Europe. We find that ozone pollution will decrease substantially under the most stringent scenario but the efforts of the air quality legislation will be adversely compensated by the penalty of global warming and long range transport for the business as usual scenario. For particulate matter, the projected reduction of emissions efficiently reduces exposure levels. ; Changement climatique et qualité de l'air sont intimement liés : à travers les politiques de gestion mises en oeuvre pour atténuer ces menaces environnementales majeures mais aussi à travers les processus géophysiques qui les gouvernent. Afin de pouvoir étudier l'évolution de la pollution atmosphérique en Europe en prenant en compte l'influence conjointe du changement climatique et du transport à longue distance, nous avons conçu, développé et mis en oeuvre un système complet de modélisation régionale du climat et de la qualité de l'air. En utilisant des scénarios prospectifs de dernière génération relatifs au changement climatique (émissions de gaz à effet de serre) mais aussi pour les polluants à courte durée de vie, nous avons pu proposer une quantification de l'évolution future de la qualité de l'air en Europe. D'après le scénario le plus volontariste, la pollution liée à l'ozone sera réduite de manière substantielle mais les efforts positifs induits par les politiques de gestion de la qualité de l'air seront contrebalancés par le changement climatique et le transport à longue distance pour le scénario statu-quo. En ce qui concerne les particules, les réductions d'émissions futures réduiront de manière efficace les niveaux d'exposition.

INTRODUCTIONNitrogen (N) fertilisation is a key element to ensure crop yield and thus food security. Amongst numerous other factors, the amount of N applied in fields is driven by the type of culture and soil, as well as by economics and temporal factors. However, this fertilisation is also a source of multiple environmental impacts (soil acidification, water eutrophication, global warming and air quality depletion). In order to mitigate the impacts, politics are developed at large scale, usually national, whereas the impacts happen at a finer scale. Besides, the range of products available for famers is always wider. Detailed information on the N fertilisation is thus crucial to develop mathematical models to evaluate yields and/or environmental impacts. This study is aiming at presenting on overview of the organic and mineral N fertilisation in France for the crop years 2005-06 and 2010-11. A focus is carried on the latter as the available information is more precise

INTRODUCTIONNitrogen (N) fertilisation is a key element to ensure crop yield and thus food security. Amongst numerous other factors, the amount of N applied in fields is driven by the type of culture and soil, as well as by economics and temporal factors. However, this fertilisation is also a source of multiple environmental impacts (soil acidification, water eutrophication, global warming and air quality depletion). In order to mitigate the impacts, politics are developed at large scale, usually national, whereas the impacts happen at a finer scale. Besides, the range of products available for famers is always wider. Detailed information on the N fertilisation is thus crucial to develop mathematical models to evaluate yields and/or environmental impacts. This study is aiming at presenting on overview of the organic and mineral N fertilisation in France for the crop years 2005-06 and 2010-11. A focus is carried on the latter as the available information is more precise

INTRODUCTIONNitrogen (N) fertilisation is a key element to ensure crop yield and thus food security. Amongst numerous other factors, the amount of N applied in fields is driven by the type of culture and soil, as well as by economics and temporal factors. However, this fertilisation is also a source of multiple environmental impacts (soil acidification, water eutrophication, global warming and air quality depletion). In order to mitigate the impacts, politics are developed at large scale, usually national, whereas the impacts happen at a finer scale. Besides, the range of products available for famers is always wider. Detailed information on the N fertilisation is thus crucial to develop mathematical models to evaluate yields and/or environmental impacts. This study is aiming at presenting on overview of the organic and mineral N fertilisation in France for the crop years 2005-06 and 2010-11. A focus is carried on the latter as the available information is more precise

INTRODUCTIONNitrogen (N) fertilisation is a key element to ensure crop yield and thus food security. Amongst numerous other factors, the amount of N applied in fields is driven by the type of culture and soil, as well as by economics and temporal factors. However, this fertilisation is also a source of multiple environmental impacts (soil acidification, water eutrophication, global warming and air quality depletion). In order to mitigate the impacts, politics are developed at large scale, usually national, whereas the impacts happen at a finer scale. Besides, the range of products available for famers is always wider. Detailed information on the N fertilisation is thus crucial to develop mathematical models to evaluate yields and/or environmental impacts. This study is aiming at presenting on overview of the organic and mineral N fertilisation in France for the crop years 2005-06 and 2010-11. A focus is carried on the latter as the available information is more precise

NO2 concentrations at the street level are a major concern for urban air quality in Europe and have been regulated under the EU Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution. Despite the legal requirements, limit values are exceeded at many monitoring stations with little or no improvement in recent years. In order to assess the effects of future emission control regulations on roadside NO2 concentrations, a downscaling module has been implemented in the GAINS integrated assessment model. The module follows a hybrid approach based on atmospheric dispersion calculations and observations from the AirBase European air quality database that are used to estimate site-specific parameters. Pollutant concentrations at every monitoring site with sufficient data coverage are disaggregated into contributions from regional background, urban increment, and local roadside increment. The future evolution of each contribution is assessed with a model of the appropriate scale: 28 x 28 km grid based on the EMEP Model for the regional background, 7 x 7 km urban increment based on the CHIMERE Chemistry Transport Model, and a chemical box model for the roadside increment. Thus, different emission scenarios and control options for long-range transport as well as regional and local emissions can be analysed. Observed concentrations and historical trends are well captured, in particular the differing NO2 and total NOx = NO + NO2 trends. Altogether, more than 1950 air quality monitoring stations in the EU are covered by the model, including more than 400 traffic stations and 70% of the critical stations. Together with its well-established bottom-up emission and dispersion calculation scheme, GAINS is thus able to bridge the scales from European-wide policies to impacts in street canyons. As an application of the model, we assess the evolution of attainment of NO2 limit values under current legislation until 2030. Strong improvements are expected with the introduction of the Euro 6 emission standard for light duty vehicles; however, for some major ...

NO2 concentrations at the street level are a major concern for urban air quality in Europe and have been regulated under the EU Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution. Despite the legal requirements, limit values are exceeded at many monitoring stations with little or no improvement in recent years. In order to assess the effects of future emission control regulations on roadside NO2 concentrations, a downscaling module has been implemented in the GAINS integrated assessment model. The module follows a hybrid approach based on atmospheric dispersion calculations and observations from the AirBase European air quality database that are used to estimate site-specific parameters. Pollutant concentrations at every monitoring site with sufficient data coverage are disaggregated into contributions from regional background, urban increment, and local roadside increment. The future evolution of each contribution is assessed with a model of the appropriate scale: 28 x 28 km grid based on the EMEP Model for the regional background, 7 x 7 km urban increment based on the CHIMERE Chemistry Transport Model, and a chemical box model for the roadside increment. Thus, different emission scenarios and control options for long-range transport as well as regional and local emissions can be analysed. Observed concentrations and historical trends are well captured, in particular the differing NO2 and total NOx = NO + NO2 trends. Altogether, more than 1950 air quality monitoring stations in the EU are covered by the model, including more than 400 traffic stations and 70% of the critical stations. Together with its well-established bottom-up emission and dispersion calculation scheme, GAINS is thus able to bridge the scales from European-wide policies to impacts in street canyons. As an application of the model, we assess the evolution of attainment of NO2 limit values under current legislation until 2030. Strong improvements are expected with the introduction of the Euro 6 emission standard for light duty vehicles; however, for some major European cities, further measures may be required, in particular if aiming to achieve compliance at an earlier time.

Despite increasing emission controls, particulate matter (PM) has remained a critical issue for European air quality in recent years. The various sources of PM, both from primary particulate emissions as well as secondary formation from precursor gases, make this a complex problem to tackle. In order to allow for credible predictions of future concentrations under policy assumptions, a modelling approach is needed that considers all chemical processes and spatial dimensions involved, from long-range transport of pollution to local emissions in street canyons. Here we describe a modelling scheme which has been implemented in the GAINS integrated assessment model to assess compliance with PM10 (PM with aerodynamic diameter < 10 mu m) limit values at individual air quality monitoring stations reporting to the Air-Base database. The modelling approach relies on a combination of bottom up modelling of emissions, simplified atmospheric chemistry and dispersion calculations, and a traffic increment calculation wherever applicable. At each monitoring station fulfilling a few data coverage criteria, measured concentrations in the base year 2009 are explained to the extent possible and then modelled for the past and future. More than 1850 monitoring stations are covered, including more than 300 traffic stations and 80% of the stations which exceeded the EU air quality limit values in 2009. As a validation, we compare modelled trends in the period 2000-2008 to observations, which are well reproduced. The modelling scheme is applied here to quantify explicitly source contributions to ambient concentrations at several critical monitoring stations, displaying the differences in spatial origin and chemical composition of urban roadside PM10 across Europe. Furthermore, we analyse the predicted evolution of PM10 concentrations in the European Union until 2030 under different policy scenarios. Significant improvements in ambient PM10 concentrations are expected assuming successful implementation of already agreed legislation; ...