Suchergebnisse

"In der sogenannten Sexismus-Debatte spielten Forschungsergebnisse zu den Themen Sexismus und sexuelle Belästigung nur selten eine Rolle. In diesem Beitrag werden einige häufig vorgebrachte Argumente anhand empirischer Befunde überprüft, um verbreitete Unklarheiten wenigstens teilweise aufzuheben." (Autorenreferat)

Zusammenfassung: Aus aktuellen Entwicklungen zur Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion (MMI), insbesondere auf dem wachsenden Feld der Social Robotics, entstehen neuartige Perspektiven für die sozialpsychologische Forschung. Da Computer und Roboter sich in besonderem Maße als Objekte einer Anthropomorphisierung eignen, sollten psychologische Zugänge auch in diesem Forschungsfeld hilfreich sein. Ausgehend von Unterscheidungen zwischen verschiedenen Typen dieser Maschinen werden mögliche Beiträge der Sozialpsychologie zur interdisziplinären Forschung und Entwicklung skizziert. Vorliegende Befunde zur sozialen Dimension der MMI werden vorgestellt und diskutiert: das Forschungsprogramm "Computer als soziale Akteure" sowie Ansätze zur Menschenähnlichkeit der Maschine als unabhängiger und abhängiger Variablen. Abschließend schlagen wir spezifische Themen für die zukünftige sozialpsychologische Forschung in drei klassischen Bereichen vor (Urteilsprozesse im Kontext der MMI, "interpersonelle" Prozesse und Intergruppenbeziehungen).

Zusammenfassung: In dieser Arbeit werden eine deutschsprachige Skala zur Erfassung intuitiver und rationaler Verarbeitung (Übersetzung des Rational-Experiential Inventory [REI]; Epstein, Pacini, Denes-Raj & Heier, 1996 ) sowie neue Skalen zur Verwendung und Bewertung verschiedener Persuasionsheuristiken vorgestellt. Das deutsche REI weist gute Itemcharakteristika und hohe Reliabilität auf und repliziert die zweidimensionale Struktur der Originalskala mit den Subskalen «faith in intuition» und «need for cognition». Beide Dimensionen sind unabhängig von sozialer Erwünschtheit, und Korrelationen mit verschiedenen Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen belegen ihre Konstruktvalidität. Weitere korrelative Ergebnisse zeigen Unterschiede in der selbstberichteten Nutzung verschiedener Persuasionsheuristiken in Abhängigkeit von «faith in intuition» und «need for cognition», die darauf hinweisen, dass zwischen Regel basierten und assoziativen heuristischen Prozessen unterschieden werden kann. Zudem zeigen unsere Befunde auf korrelativer Basis, dass eine konzeptuelle Trennung von heuristischer und intuitiver Verarbeitung geboten scheint.

The Acceptance of Modern Myths about Sexual Aggression scale measures contemporary beliefs about sexual aggression that tend to blame victims and exonerate perpetrators. A Greek version of the thirty-item AMMSA scale was administered to two diverse convenience samples, one in Greece and one in Cyprus. Convergent and discriminant construct validity were assessed via correlations with other constructs that were hypothesized to be strongly related to AMMSA (Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance; hostile sexism) or moderately related (benevolent sexism; social dominance orientation; right-wing authoritarianism). It wasfound that the Greek AMMSA was unidimensional, highly internally consistent, normally distributed, and showed good construct validity. When sociodemographic data were analyzed, age, gender, and nationality turned out to be significant predictors of AMMSA, with a U-shaped trend for age, higher scores for men than women, and higher scores for Cypriots than Greeks. In sum, the Greek AMMSA scale provides a highly useful instrument for further research on sexualaggression myths, their correlates, and effects on judgment and behavior.

Zusammenfassung: In der Persuasionsforschung beinhaltet die Standard-Methode zur Untersuchung kognitiven Aufwands bei der Verarbeitung persuasiver Botschaften die Variation der Überzeugungskraft der Botschaftsargumente zwischen Versuchspersonen. Wenn Rezipienten diese Botschaften ausführlich verarbeiten, führen Botschaften mit starken Argumenten zu positiveren Einstellungen als Botschaften mit schwachen Argumenten. Die Standard-Methode birgt allerdings einige Nachteile: Die Qualität der Botschaft kann unerwünschterweise die Evaluation der Persuasionsquelle beeinflussen, Botschaften mit eindeutig schwachen oder starken Argumenten unterdrücken den Einfluss persuasiver Information, die nicht Teil der Botschaft ist, und sie eignen sich nicht zum Nachweis verzerrter Informationsverarbeitung. Die "Mixed-Message-Methode" überwindet diese Schwächen. Sie beinhaltet die Variation der Überzeugungskraft der Argumente zu einzelnen Aspekten innerhalb einer Botschaft. Die Differenzierung zwischen spezifisch auf unterschiedliche Aspekte bezogenen Einstellungsskalen kann als Maß für den kognitiven Aufwand bei der Verarbeitung persuasiver Botschaften dienen.

To test rival explanations for sex differences in distress over sexual vs. emotional infidelity, evolutionary psychologists have studied people's reactions to the infidelity suffered by close relatives, claiming that sex-of-target effects would support an evolutionary explanation but refute a sociocultural explanation. This paradigm was extended by comparing genetically related and unrelated targets in two cultures. Students (N = 566) in Greece and Germany reported how much infidelity committed by the partners of siblings versus friends would distress them. Sex-of-target effects were found, though they were limited to Greek participants and to genetically unrelated targets. Across targets, a sex-of-participant effect emerged, with men being more distressed by sexual (vs. emotional) infidelity than women. The results are discussed with respect to evolutionary and sociocultural theorizing.

Information about source consensus may either create expectancies of message validity that bias subsequent processing, or may determine the amount of message processing. The authors propose that which of the two effects occurs depends on the framing of consensus information. Undergraduates (N = 242) read strong, ambiguous, or weak arguments on an issue; the source was framed as either knowledgeable or similar to participants; source consensus was either low (minority) or high (majority). Dependent variables were the favorability of cognitive responses and postmessage attitudes. As predicted, knowledge framing caused consensus-based assimilation for ambiguous arguments, and contrast for both strong and weak arguments, whereas similarity framing caused extensive processing of minority arguments, but uncritical acceptance of majority arguments.

An experiment was conducted to examine the situational flexibility of in-group-related attitudes at the implicit and explicit level. Seventy-one men and women with dual, Turkish-German, national identities were asked to think about positive aspects of either their German or their Turkish identity. Later, attitudes toward Germans and Turks were assessed using a single category implicit association test (SC-IAT) and self-report scales. Results showed that attitudes toward Turks were generally more positive than attitudes toward Germans, that SC-IAT scores reflecting attitudes toward Turks and Germans were unrelated, and that the identity priming affected men's, but not women's, SC-IAT scores. This finding is discussed in terms of men's greater flexibility in national identification. Explicit attitude measures were largely unaffected by the priming.

"In May 2011, Dominique Strauss-Kahn, head of the International Monetary Fund and a prominent member of the French Socialist Party, was charged with attempted rape. Extensive media coverage led people across the globe to speculate about intentions and responsibilities. While the case was pending, we conducted two parallel Internet surveys, with French and German participants (N=1,314). We examined how strongly exoneration of the alleged perpetrator depended on acceptance of modern myths about sexual aggression (AMMSA) and identity attributes that are temporarily salient as a function of local context (gender, political left-right orientation, nationality). AMMSA was a global predictor of exonerating the alleged perpetrator across national sub-samples, whereas the predictive power of gender and left-right orientation varied locally: For French respondents, left-wing political attitudes predicted exoneration of the alleged perpetrator, whereas only for German respondents, being male predicted exoneration. We conclude that the interplay of global (sexual aggression myths) and local (social identification) factors affects the lay assessment of ambiguous cases of sexual violence." (author's abstract)

In May 2011, Dominique Strauss-Kahn, head of the International Monetary Fund and a prominent member of the French Socialist Party, was charged with attempted rape. Extensive media coverage led people across the globe to speculate about intentions and responsibilities. While the case was pending, we conducted two parallel Internet surveys, with French and German participants (N= 1,314). We examined how strongly exoneration of the alleged perpetrator depended on acceptance of modern myths about sexual aggression (AMMSA) and identity attributes that are temporarily salient as a function of local context (gender, political left-right orientation, nationality). AMMSA was a global predictor of exonerating the alleged perpetrator across national sub-samples, whereas the predictive power of gender and left-right orientation varied locally: For French respondents, left-wing political attitudes predicted exoneration of the alleged perpetrator, whereas only for German respondents, being male predicted exoneration. We conclude that the interplay of global (sexual aggression myths) and local (social identification) factors affects the lay assessment of ambiguous cases of sexual violence.

In May 2011, Dominique Strauss-Kahn, head of the International Monetary Fund and a prominent member of the French Socialist Party, was charged with attempted rape. Extensive media coverage led people across the globe to speculate about intentions and responsibilities. While the case was pending, we conducted two parallel Internet surveys, with French and German participants (N = 1,314). We examined how strongly exoneration of the alleged perpetrator depended on acceptance of modern myths about sexual aggression (AMMSA) and identity attributes that are temporarily salient as a function of local context (gender, political left-right orientation, nationality). AMMSA was a global predictor of exonerating the alleged perpetrator across national sub-samples, whereas the predictive power of gender and left-right orientation varied locally: For French respondents, left-wing political attitudes predicted exoneration of the alleged perpetrator, whereas only for German respondents, being male predicted exoneration. We conclude that the interplay of global (sexual aggression myths) and local (social identification) factors affects the lay assessment of ambiguous cases of sexual violence. Adapted from the source document.

In May 2011, Dominique Strauss-Kahn, head of the International Monetary Fund and a prominent member of the French Socialist Party, was charged with attempted rape. Extensive media coverage led people across the globe to speculate about intentions and responsibilities. While the case was pending, we conducted two parallel Internet surveys, with French and German participants (N = 1,314). We examined how strongly exoneration of the alleged perpetrator depended on acceptance of modern myths about sexual aggression (AMMSA) and identity attributes that are temporarily salient as a function of local context (gender, political left-right orientation, nationality). AMMSA was a global predictor of exonerating the alleged perpetrator across national sub-samples, whereas the predictive power of gender and left-right orientation varied locally: For French respondents, left-wing political attitudes predicted exoneration of the alleged perpetrator, whereas only for German respondents, being male predicted exoneration. We conclude that the interplay of global (sexual aggression myths) and local (social identification) factors affects the lay assessment of ambiguous cases of sexual violence. Adapted from the source document.

Dieser technische Bericht beschäftigt sich mit Fortschritten in der experimentellen Sozialpsychologie. Es werden die verschiedenen Stimmungen und Emotionen von Informationsprozessen angesprochen. Dabei werden Überredungs- bzw. Überzeugungsstrategien bei Berücksichtigung vom Aspekt der Stimmung besonders untersucht. So zum Beispiel auch die Stimmung, wenn ein Urteil, eine Entscheidung gefällt wird. (US)