The foreign-born elderly in Canada include persons who immigrated as young adults but have now grown old, as well as persons who have immigrated late in life, usually under the auspices of family reunification. Considerable diversity exists among the elderly as a result of these echoes of past and current migration flows. Yet, the implication of such diversity has not been extensively researched. This article examines variation in living with family among the elderly by age-at-immigration groups. Previously married elderly women who arrived as children or as young adults are less likely than other groups, including the native born, to live with family. The percentage living with family instead of living alone or with a nonrelative is highest for women immigrating at age 65 or later. Socioeconomic correlates of these patterns are examined.
Cet étude, basée sur les données du recensement canadien, examine la ségrégation occupationelle et les différences dues au genre dans la distribution d'habileté professionnelle entre les annees 1961 et 1986. L'apprentissage à long terme à de niveaux supérieurs d'habileté professionnelle caractérise autant le marché du travail féminin que masculin. Cependant, la magnitude de cet apprentissage est plus grande pour les femmes que pour les hommes, notamment entre les années 1981 et 1986 lorsque la distribution des habiletés professionnelles des hommes à changés très peu. En dépit de la direction de ces changements, il est peu probable que les femmes se retrouvent dans les occupations à niveaux supérieurs d'habileté comparé aux hommes. La main d'oeuvre féminine se retrouve done aux niveaux moyens d'habileté professionnelle comparéà la main d'oeuvre masculine, et ceci est en grande partie attribuéà la concentration féminine dans les occupations de bureau inférieures. Quand la comparaison entre les femmes et les hommes se limite à l'intérieur des niveaux de travail comme le travail de bureau, le travail ouvrier et le travail dans les secteurs de service, la tendance de retrouver les femmes dans les niveaux inferieurs d'habileté professionnelle devient plus prononcée.Using Canadian census data, this study examines occupational segregation and sex differences in the distribution of skill between 1961–1986. Skill upgrading over time characterizes both the female and male labour force. However, the magnitude of skill upgrading is larger for women than men, particularly between 1981 and 1986 when the skill distributions of men change very little. Despite these upgrading trends, women are less likely to be in higher skilled occupations than are men. Instead, the female labour force more than the male labour force is found in the middle levels of skill, largely as the result of their concentration in lower white collar occupations. When comparisons are made within white collar, blue collar and service sectors, the employment of women in less skilled occupations becomes far more evident.
Family, friendship and community networks underlie much of the recent migration to industrial nations. Current interest in these networks accompany the development of a migration system perspective and the growing awareness of the macro and micro determinants of migration. This article presents an overview of research findings on the determinants and consequences of personal networks. In addition, it calls for greater specification of the role of networks in migration research and for the inclusion of women in future research.
Cet article présente un indice socio‐économique des catégories du recensement de 1971; l'indice est basé sur les caractéristiques (revenu et éducation) de tous les membres de la force de travail ‐ plutôt que sur celles des seuls hommes (l'échelle Blishen‐McRoberts) ou des seules femmes (l'échelle Blishen‐Carroll). Les propriétés de chaque indice sont éva‐luées au moyen des données du recensement de 1971 et du Sondage Canadien sur la mobilité de 1973. Les résultats indiquent qu'un indice construit à partir de toute la force de travail est l'instrument à favoriser pour de futures comparaisons entre les statuts occupationnels des hommes et des femmes.This paper develops a socioeconomic index of 1971 Census occupational titles which is based on the income and educational characteristics of all members of the labour force rather than on the characteristics only of men (the Blishen‐McRoberts scale) or only of women (the Blishen‐Carroll scale). The properties of the three indices are assessed with data from the 1971 Census and from the 1973 Canadian Mobility Survey. The results suggest that a socioeconomic index based on the entire labour force is the preferred index for future comparisons of male‐female occupational attainments.
Using data on the wage and salary labor force age 25–64 from the 1973 Canadian Mobility Study, this article examines the occupational statuses of Canadian female immigrant employees in relation to the statuses displayed by native born women and by native and foreign born men. Immigrant women are observed to have occupational statuses which are lower on the average than those of other sex and nativity groups and which appear to reflect not only their age, place of residence, social origins and educational attainments, but also their membership in two negative status groups: female and foreign born. However, within the foreign born population, considerable stratification exists by birthplace, and the analysis indicates that the double negative of being female and foreign born is less of a factor for the occupational attainments of women born in the United States and in the United Kingdom, than it is for women born in Europe and elsewhere.
This article discusses the nature of out-migration from the United States to Canada and assesses the consequences of such emigration for the two countries. It is concluded that, excluding the British born population, being foreign born is a handicap in Canada, not an asset, and the American born overcome this occupational disadvantage by virtue of their higher social origins and education.
A partir des données du recensement de 1971 et de celles du ministère de la Main d'Oeuvre et de l'Immigration, les caractéristiques professionnelles des immigrantes récentes sont comparées à celles des immigrants et des Canadiennes nées au Canada. L'analyse révèle que la position des immigrantes dans la société canadienne est sous l'effet d'un double fardeau: elles sont fréquemment classifiées comme dépendantes à leur arrivée au Canada alors que de fait elles contribuent de façon substantielle à la force du travail; et lorsqu'elles travaillent, elles sont plus susceptibles que les hommes immigrants de se trouver dans des professions à prédominance féminine et plus susceptibles que les femmes nées au Canada de se trouver dans des professions 'collets bleus.'Using data from the 1971 census and Manpower and Immigration statistics between 1961 and 1971, the occupational characteristics of recent female immigrants are compared to those observed for male immigrants and native‐born female Canadians. The data analysis indicates that immigrant women bear a double burden with respect to their status in Canadian society: they are frequently classified as dependents upon entering Canada when de facto they make substantial labour force contributions; and, when they work, they are likely to find themselves in the predominantly female occupations, compared to male immigrants, and in 'blue collar' occupations, compared to native‐born women.
