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IT HAS BECOME CLEAR TO BOTH EXPERTS AND CASUAL OBSERVERS THAT THE NICARAGUAN REVOLUTION HAS AN ENIGMATIC CHARACTER THAT MAY WELL BE THE BASIS FOR ITS ENDURANCE. THIS ARTICLE ADDRESSES THE REVOLUTION'S ENIGMATIC QUALITY BY OUTLINING A CONCEPTUAL FRAMWORK THROUGH WHICH THE REVOLUTION'S DEMOCRATIC CHARACTER IS ASSESSED. THE FIRST PART EXAMINES TWO FORMS OF HEGEMONY. THE SECOND PART APPLIES THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK TO NICARAGUA'S REVOLUTIONARY PROCESS. THE LAST SECTION BREIFLY COMMENTS ON THE DIFFICULTIES OF A POLITICS OF RIGHTS WHEN IT IS PURSUED OUTSIDE THE CONTEXT OF STABLE, CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACIES.

THIS ARTICLE EXPLORES THE IMPLICATION THAT THE STUDY OF ETHNICITY BECOMES OF CENTRAL CONCERN AS THE STUDY OF POLITICAL CHANGE SHIFTS TOWARD A FOCUS ON THE ROLE OF CULTURE AND ON THE CHARACTER OF THE STATE. EXPLORED IN RELATION TO THE ABOVE IMPLICATION ARE: STATE ELITE, NATIONAL INDENTITY, STATE INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK; ETHNIC, CLASS, PATRIMONIAL AND BUREAUCRATIC ELITES. THE IDEOLOGIES OF MONO-ETHNIC, ETHNICALLY NEUTRAL AND CONSOCIATIONAL NATIONALISM ARE DETAILED.

Notes the present upsurge of cultural interests in the convict experience of transportation and seeks to relate this to the present restlessness concerning penal policy. Reviews data on imprisonment states and prisoner profiles, reflects on the prison experience, and issues and problems in penal reform debates. (PAS)

Revisionist interpretation of Mill needs to be extended to deal with a residue of puzzles about his moral theory and its connection with his theory of liberty. The upshot shows his reinterpretation of his Benthamite tradition as a form of 'philosophical utilitarianism'; his definition of the art of morality as collective self-defence; his ignoring of maximization in favour of ad hoc dealing in utilities; the central role of his account of the justice of punishment; the marginal role of the internal sanction in his criterion of moral wrong; his deep respect for common-sense morality; and his restriction of the scope of morality so as to claim for the utilitarian tradition the whole realm of the aesthetics of conduct as part of a general theory of practical reason.

This article examines an empirical anomaly. In most developing regions, poor democratic nations enroll more primary school students than their authoritarian counterparts. Regime type, however, cannot account for the wide variance in enrollment in Africa. This study demonstrates that colonial heritage is a good predictor of primary school enrollment for low-income countries in Africa. Additional analysis shows that colonization's impact on education has not diminished since independence. Rather, the initial differences in enrollment between the former French & British colonies have grown over time. The results hold important implications for the study of political institutions & their impact on economic development. Even after they no longer exist, political institutions can have substantial lingering effects on important developmental outcomes. 2 Tables, 3 Figures, 2 Appendixes, 34 References. Adapted from the source document.

The article takes the view that managing ethnic and cultural diversity is tantamount to managing unproductive tensions that threaten to undermine confidence and morale among public officials. The author examines existing legal/constitutional and institutional provisions for conflict management and resolution, but ultimately suggests the need for well-conceived confidence-building measures such as public scrutiny of the personnel function and the reintroduction of ethnicity as a category on official government personnel records. (DSE/DÜI)