Suchergebnisse

AbstractThis paper explores divergent perceptions and experiences of social, economic and environmental change of villagers in Southern Cameroon arguing that the economic crisis has impacted very differently on men and women within the same community and within households. The analysis highlights shifts in cropping patterns towards increased food crops, especially cassava and plantain, for cash. Sources of livelihood for men have diversified in the face of economic crisis, whereas women have reduced room to manoeuvre. This results in women becoming increasingly dependent on utilizing non‐timber forest products for cash in order to meet their livelihood needs. However pressures on forest are increasing for a number of reasons and access to land and trees is becoming constrained, so future benefits from forest products will be contingent on clear, well defined and enforced community property rights. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Cover -- Series Editors -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Contributors -- Foreword -- I: Introduction -- 1: An Overview of Approaches to Sustainable Development -- II: Approaches to Sustainable Development -- 2: Accounting for Sustainability -- 3: Sustainable Management of Water Resources: An Economic View -- 4: Labour Force Analysis as a Means to Understand the Livelihood Dimension of Sustainability -- 5: Sustainable Utilization: A Grand Illusion? -- III: Rural Applications of Sustainability -- 6: Population and Food in South Asia: Recent Trends and Prospects -- 7: Land, Livestock and Livelihoods: Towards Sustainable Pastoral Development in Marsabit District, Kenya -- 8: Annapurna Conservation Area Project: In Pursuit of Sustainable Development? -- 9: Global Processes and The Politics of Sustainable Development in Colombia and Costa Rica -- IV: Coping with Industrialization and Pollution -- 10: Sustaining Mineral-Driven Development: Chile and Jamaica -- 11: Pollution Patterns in the Industrialization Process -- 12: Industrialization in Vietnam: Social Change and Environment in Transitional Developing Countries -- 13: The International Dimensions of Sustainable Development: Rio Reconsidered -- 14: Sustainable Development: Taking Stock -- Name Index -- Subject Index.

Globally, the participation of women and girls in sport has increased tremendously. Much of this growth has been attributed to relatively recent changes in national and international law, yet few empirical studies exist that test this assertion. In this study, the role of law, specifically gender-based sports doctrine, is examined across four nations: the USA, Australia, Canada, and Iran. Results are mixed, suggesting women have increased their participation in elite sporting events despite national legal and bureaucratic variations regarding women in sport. On this basis, liberal feminist reliance on law as the primary determining factor for promotion of increased international opportunities for women is questioned.

Extractive reserves are important initiatives in tropical forest zones which seek to integrate conservation of natural resources with development and human welfare objectives. Increasingly in such initiatives empowerment of local communities is seen as both a means of achieving this integration and as an end in itself. This article presents a theoretically informed analysis of the interactions between rubber tappers and environmental organizations in the establishment and implementation of extractive reserves in Rond?‚nia, Brazil. It distinguishes two dimensions of empowerment — political and economic — and examines how the alliances between organizations have impacted differentially on the two dimensions. The analysis suggests that these alliances have so far been more successful in enabling political rather than economic empowerment. Advances in political empowerment are shown, in the short‐term at least, not to have resulted in improvements in livelihood conditions of poor forest dwellers.

Coastlines are very often places where the impacts of global change are felt most keenly, and they are also often sites of high values and intense use for industry, human habitation, nature conservation and recreation. In many countries, coastlines are a key contested territory for planning for climate change, and also locations where development and conservation conflicts play out. As a "test bed" for climate change adaptation, coastal regions provide valuable, but highly diverse experiences and lessons. This paper sets out to explore the lessons of coastal planning and development for the implementation of proactive adaptation, and the possibility to move from adaptation visions to actual adaptation governance and planning. Using qualitative analysis of interviews and workshops, we first examine what the barriers are to proactive adaptation at the coast, and how current policy and practice frames are leading to avoidable lock-ins and other maladaptive decisions that are narrowing our adaptation options. Using examples from UK, we then identify adaptation windows that can be opened, reframed or transformed to set the course for proactive adaptation which links high level top-down legislative requirements with local bottom-up actions. We explore how these windows can be harnessed so that space for proactive adaptation increases and maladaptive decisions are reduced.