Suchergebnisse

Los servicios de agua en las zonas rurales y peri-urbanas de los Andes son predominantemente prestados por organizaciones comunitarias o pequeñas empresas prestadoras. La vulnerabilidad de este tipo de proveedores de agua frente a su capacidad de adaptarse a situaciones adversas producidas por la variabilidad y el cambio climáticos, tiene que ver tanto con su dependencia de la capacidad reguladora de los ecosistemas, como con las condiciones institucionales internas y del entorno. En el marco de un proyecto de Investigación-Acción Participativa (IAP), y con base en una encuesta a las organizaciones miembros de dos asociaciones de acueductos comunitarios y un análisis detallado de ocho casos y de los datos disponibles en el Sistema Único de Información (SUI) rural, se analizaron las vulnerabilidades de las organizaciones comunitarias prestadoras de servicios de agua en zonas rurales y peri-urbanas del sur occidente de Colombia. Se clasificaron las vulnerabilidades en: biofísicas en las fuentes, técnicas, institucionales y del modelo organizacional; y se encontró que las vulnerabilidades institucionales y del modelo organizacional son de igual o más importancia que las vulnerabilidades técnicas y biofísicas.

Substance use and antisocial behavior (ASB) are complex and interrelated behaviors. This study identified model trajectory classes defined by concurrent substance use and ASB and examined trajectory associations with emerging adult outcomes. Participants from a high-risk sample of youth ( n = 536; 73% male) completed interviews at baseline (mean age = 16.1 years) and follow-up (mean age = 22.6 years). Latent class growth analyses identified five trajectory classes based on alcohol/drug use (AOD) and ASB, namely, dual chronic, increasing AOD/persistent ASB, persistent AOD/adolescent ASB, decreasing drugs/persistent ASB, and resolved. Many individuals (56%) exhibited elevated/increasing AOD, and most (91%) reported ASB decreases. Those associated with the dual chronic class had the highest rates of substance dependence, antisocial personality disorder, and negative psychosocial outcomes. There were no differences in adult role attainment across classes. Conjoint examination of these behaviors provides greater detail regarding clinical course and can inform secondary prevention and intervention efforts.

The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study is designed to be the largest study of brain development and child health in the United States, performing comprehensive assessments of 11,500 children repeatedly for 10 years. An endeavor of this magnitude requires an organized framework of governance and communication that promotes collaborative decision-making and dissemination of information. The ABCD consortium structure, built upon the Matrix Management approach of organizational theory, facilitates the integration of input from all institutions, numerous internal workgroups and committees, federal partners, and external advisory groups to make use of a broad range of expertise to ensure the study's success.

During the COVID‐19 pandemic, families have experienced unprecedented financial and social disruptions. We studied the impact of preexisting psychosocial factors and pandemic‐related financial and social disruptions in relation to family well‐being among N = 4091 adolescents and parents during early summer 2020, participating in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive DevelopmentSM Study. Poorer family well‐being was linked to prepandemic psychosocial and financial adversity and was associated with pandemic‐related material hardship and social disruptions to routines. Parental alcohol use increased risk for worsening of family relationships, while a greater endorsement of coping strategies was mainly associated with overall better family well‐being. Financial and mental health support may be critical for family well‐being during and after a widespread crisis, such as the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Aim: The accurate mapping of forest carbon stocks is essential for understanding the global carbon cycle, for assessing emissions from deforestation, and for rational land-use planning. Remote sensing (RS) is currently the key tool for this purpose, but RS does not estimate vegetation biomass directly, and thus may miss significant spatial variations in forest structure. We test the stated accuracy of pantropical carbon maps using a large independent field dataset. Location: Tropical forests of the Amazon basin. The permanent archive of the field plot data can be accessed at: http://dx.doi.org/10.5521/FORESTPLOTS.NET/2014_1 Methods: Two recent pantropical RS maps of vegetation carbon are compared to a unique ground-plot dataset, involving tree measurements in 413 large inventory plots located in nine countries. The RS maps were compared directly to field plots, and kriging of the field data was used to allow area-based comparisons. Results: The two RS carbon maps fail to capture the main gradient in Amazon forest carbon detected using 413 ground plots, from the densely wooded tall forests of the north-east, to the light-wooded, shorter forests of the south-west. The differences between plots and RS maps far exceed the uncertainties given in these studies, with whole regions over- or under-estimated by > 25%, whereas regional uncertainties for the maps were reported to be < 5%. Main conclusions: Pantropical biomass maps are widely used by governments and by projects aiming to reduce deforestation using carbon offsets, but may have significant regional biases. Carbon-mapping techniques must be revised to account for the known ecological variation in tree wood density and allometry to create maps suitable for carbon accounting. The use of single relationships between tree canopy height and above-ground biomass inevitably yields large, spatially correlated errors. This presents a significant challenge to both the forest conservation and remote sensing communities, because neither wood density nor species ...