Suchergebnisse

The extension of a development tax to women in Tanzania raises the general issue of the relevance of gender to patterns of economic development in a country with a 'socialist' reputation. This article looks at the link between gender and development in Tanzania, but equally importantly it focuses on the way in which the question of gender has been contested and debated within Tanzania.
While the debate on gender has highlighted the way in which 'socialist' policies have intensified women's workloads without removing patriarchal social relations, the development tax both recognises the contribution of women but also exposes their continued dependence on men, since their production does not always result in cash income. Structural adjustment programmes have, however, begun to force women into the marketing of subsistence food in order to make ends meet, as the inflationary effects of adjustment bite. Rather than being 'integrated into development', SAPs and the Development Levy bind women more closely into capitalist and petty commodity relations of production.

Relevance of gender to development policies in terms of the extension of a development tax to women.

Diskussion der geschlechtsspezifischen Probleme in Tansanias Entwicklungsprozeß. Im Zentrum der Analyse: die starke Arbeitsbelastung der Frauen ohne Veränderung der gesellschaftlich-patriarchalischen Beziehungen im Rahmen eines sozialistischen Entwicklungskonzepts. Die Steuerlast, die Tansanias Frauen aufgebürdet wurde, berücksichtigt zwar ihren Beitrag zur Wirtschaft, nicht aber die Tatsache, daß ihre Arbeit oft nicht mit Geld entlohnt wird. Wirtschaftsreformen haben die Frauen gezwungen, ursprüngliche Subsistenzprodukte zu vermarkten. Daraus entstand eine Einbindung in die kapitalistische Warenproduktion. Anmerkungen zu Studien über die Rolle der Frau in der Gesellschaft Tansanias und die sozialpolitische Dimension. (DÜI-Wsl)

Yes ; Bids for mutuality in sexual partnerships are key to AIDS campaigning slogans such as `negotiate¿, `know your partner¿ and `use condoms¿. This paper explores the contradiction between more mutuality in sexual relations and the gender power politics that render such mutuality difficult to achieve in Africa, as well as the caricatures of `African sexuality¿ that have pervaded some of the literature. It looks at the new discourses of sexuality delivered via NGOs and the state as well as the ways in which customary silences about sex are being broken by ordinary people. It asks whether, given the threat of HIV infection, people are talking in new ways about sexual relationships, and how this talk is gendered. It also addresses the challenge to African feminism of sexuality discourses and how these need to be rethought in the context of AIDS. It concludes that the prospect of death by sex is transforming discourses, challenging customary sexual practice and putting gendered inequalities in question.

The author recounts the life histories of two Tanzanian domestic servants. These stories address the question of how ordinary people see their own lives, lived out in the context of dramatic developments at the national and international level. The material is based on work which the author carried out in 1986, with brief return visits in 1989 and 1991, on domestic service in Tanga, a large industrial town on the northern coast of Tanzania. Employing 'examples drawn from life' these two people reflect on what happens when attempting to assert (empower) themselves, assess their own chances of betterment, and consider individual as compared to collective means to improve their lives. From these two personal narratives, the author selects the following aspects for discussion: the way in which the 'great events' of Tanzanian history influenced these people's lives; the ways in which their attempts to improve their lives have been pursued in a largely individualistic way; and the ways in which the salience of gender comes through in their accounts, especially gender as power or perceived powerlessness. (Documentatieblad/ASC Leiden)

Untersuchung der Auswirkungen des Nebeneinander von kapitalistischer und nicht-kapitalistischer Produktionsweise auf Frauenarbeit und Klassenbildung der Frauen; Herausarbeitung der unterschiedlichen Auswirkungen auf Männer und Frauen

A reassessment and redefinition of the whole field of political groupings from the most spontaneous to the most institutionalized, using comparative data. The paper reviews some current generalizations and hypotheses concerning factionalism (such as those of Nicholas, Spiro, and Friedrich), and attempts a comparative analysis of the circumstances conducive to change in factional situations.

ABSTRACTStarting from a body of literature on movements around 'biological citizenship', this article analyses the political significance of HIV‐positive people's collective action in Tanzania. We explore reasons for the limited impact of Tanzanian AIDS activism on the wider political scene, concluding that the formation of a 'movement' is still in its infancy and faces many constraints, though some breakthroughs have been made. Participation in PLHA groups in Tanzania encourages politicizing struggles over representation, democratic forms and gender that can lead to a process of political socialization in which members learn to recognize and confront abuses of power. It is in such low‐level, less visible social transformations that the greatest potential of participation in collective action around HIV/AIDS in Tanzania lies.

Examines health situation, debates on responsibility for prevention and treatment, including drugs; role of states, NGOs, and international agencies; 7 articles and related material. Global and local inequalities, breastfeeding in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, the HIPC initiative and Zambia, and Southern Africa.

What Women do in Wartime: Gender and Conflict in Africa (1988), edited by M Turshen & M Twagiramariya, London: Zed Books.

Structural Adjustment and Women Informal Sector Traders in Harare, Zimbabwe (1998),by Rodrick Mupedziswa and Perpetua Gumbo, Research Report no. 106, ISBN 91–7106–435–4. Private Sector Response to Agricultural Marketing Liberalisation in Zambia (1998), by Dennis K. Chiwele, Pumulo Muyatwa‐Sipula and Henriette Kalinda, Research Report no. 107, Nordiska Afrikain‐stitutet, Uppsala, ISBN 91–7106–436–2 (both obtainable from Africa Book Centre, 38 King St., London WC2 8JT).

An international symposium on the 'Social Sciences and AIDS in Africa', held in Sali Portudal, Senegal, in November 1996, served as an important forum for bringing together English and French speaking researchers and AIDS activists. Jointly organised by Codesria (Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa), CNLS (the National Committee for the Prevention of AIDS in Senegal) and Ostrom (The French Institute of Scientific Research for Development and Cooperation), it covered a wide range of topics, with reference to a broad spectrum of individual country experience.