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Understanding Violence Against Women -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- PREVENTING VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN -- IMPROVING RESEARCH METHODS -- BUILDING KNOWLEDGE -- DEVELOPING THE RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURE -- 1 Introduction -- WHAT IS VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN? -- Rape and Sexual Assault -- Physical Violence -- Psychological Abuse -- Stalking -- THE PANEL'S CHARGE AND SCOPE -- NOTES -- 2 Nature and Scope of Violence Against Women -- FATAL VIOLENCE -- NONFATAL VIOLENCE -- Official and Survey Data -- Research Findings -- Accounting for Differences in Findings -- Using the Available Data -- Data Gaps -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- Definitions and Measurement -- Research on Context -- NOTES -- 3 Causes and Consequences of Violence Against Women -- CAUSES -- Theories of Violent Offending -- Individual Determinants -- Dyadic Contexts -- Institutional Influences -- Societal Influences -- Multifactor Models -- Risk Factors for Victimization -- CONSEQUENCES -- Consequences to Victims -- Physical Consequences -- Psychological Consequences -- Consequences to Family and Friends -- Consequences to Society -- Fear of Crime -- Economic Effects -- Indirect Costs -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- NOTE -- 4 Prevention and Intervention -- PREVENTIVE INTERVENTIONS -- School-Based Preventive Programs -- Media Roles -- Deterrence -- Other Issues in Rape Prevention -- INTERVENTIONS FOR VICTIMS -- Individual-Level Interventions -- Community-Level Interventions -- Crisis-Oriented Services: Shelters, Rape Crisis Centers, and Advocacy -- Health and Criminal Justice Services -- Other Services and Service Seeking -- CRIMINAL JUSTICE INTERVENTIONS WITH OFFENDERS -- Batterers -- Arrest -- Prosecution -- Protective Orders -- Courts and Judicial Processing -- Coordinated Community Responses -- Sex Offenders -- Rape Statute Reform.