Suchergebnisse

Abstract
This review article examines whether right-wing terrorism in the United States and other countries constitutes a long-lasting "wave" comparable to anarchist, jihadist, and other causes that led to extremist violence. Past waves offer many lessons for understanding, and countering, the current right-wing terrorist surge. The various right-wing movement's uses of technology, fragmentation into numerous groups and individual actors, and potential sources of decline—especially their regular interactions with law enforcement—all have historical parallels with other terrorism eras from which we can learn. However, the media focus on the current manifestations of right-wing violence obscures the deep historical roots of the movement: its violence is hardly new or otherwise unique to today, and thus it is not realistic to expect it to fade over time as movements like anarchism did a century ago. In addition, the international ties of right-wing groups and figures, while quite real, are less extensive and consequential than those of jihadists and many other groups in the past. Perhaps the most important and most difficult issue is the overlap between extreme right-wing violence and legitimate politics. This is a vulnerability but also a tremendous source of potential power, magnifying the influence of violent extremists and making counterterrorism more difficult. Resourcing the fight against far-right violence is vital, as is harnessing the power of technology companies. Finally and most difficult, the political dynamics must change, with politicians of all stripes condemning the violent extreme even as robust, and at times contentious, ideas remain part of the public debate.

Abstract
Reconstruction failed in the United States because white Southerners who were opposed to it effectively used violence to undermine Black political power and force uncommitted white Southerners to their side. Although structural factors made it harder to suppress this violence, a series of policy failures proved most important. The Radical Republican-led U.S. government did not deploy enough troops or use them aggressively. Nor did it pursue alternative paths that might have made success more likely, such as arming the Black community. The violence caused Reconstruction to fail, and the victorious white supremacists embedded structural racism into the post-Reconstruction political and social system in the South. Reconstruction's failure illustrates the dangers of half measures. The United States sought to reshape the American South at low cost, in terms of both troop levels and time. In addition, the failure indicates the importance of ensuring that democratization includes the rule of law, not just elections. Most important, Reconstruction demonstrates that a common policy recommendation—compromise with the losers after a civil war—is often fraught, with the price of peace being generations of injustice.