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"This book provides in-depth coverage of the various tools and techniques for developing wireless and mobile applications"--Provided by publisher

This pre-study aims at analyzing the needs of digital infrastructure for connected and automated transport systems in Sweden and building roadmaps with concrete actions for accelerating the implementation of digital infrastructure. The pre-study has conducted extensive literature studies on projects, activities, and policies related to digital infrastructure in Sweden, the EU, and globally. The pre-study focuses on supporting existing activities, goals, and roadmaps within the Swedish transport sector and follows closely the roadmap for a connected and automated road transport system from Trafikverket. Expert interviews with both public and private stakeholders have been conducted to collect opinions and to formulate concrete actions. The report consists of mainly two parts, the description of physical and digital transport infrastructure, and the identified focus areas, roadmaps, and action plans. Also, state-of-the-art digital transport infrastructure is given as an appendix to support the roadmap. The report describes physical digital transport infrastructure as the IT, communication, and data infrastructure that together with regulations and standards enables interoperable and digital cooperation between connected vehicles, people, infrastructure, and other data sources. It is a system of systems that requires both bottom-up and top-down approaches with balanced public and private investments. A layered description is given including the communication infrastructure, transport data eco-system, applications and services, and organizational partnership. The report proposes the establishment of a long-term public-private partnership platform to join forces to accelerate the implementation of physical digital transport infrastructure. The platform requires strong engagement from all stakeholders for addressing common challenges and for stimulating innovative policies and business models. As a trigger, eight focus areas are proposed including connectivity, positioning, control tower, data, architecture, evaluation, policies and regulations, and business models. For each area, the roadmap describes in detail the actions that should be taken together with the expected results for the year 2021 to 2025. The transport system is a system of systems that evolves fast. Stakeholder roles and responsibilities may change with new business models and new actors emerge all the time. To accommodate such evolution, the roadmap proposes iterative development processes. The proposed actions are by no means fixed, instead, the stakeholders need to yearly conduct evaluations, agree on prioritized tasks and expected results, identify gaps, and decide on new prioritized activities. The pre-study is financed by the strategic innovation program Drive Sweden, which is a joint investment by Vinnova, Formas and Energimyndigheten, and Trafikverket through the project Plattform för snabb och effektiv implementering av digital infrastruktur för transportsystem with project number 2019-04787

Abstract. This study examines the climatic characteristics of 202 Jianghuai cyclones and their linkage with precipitation during the Meiyu period from 1961 to 2020. The results show that cyclones mainly originate from the eastern and western Hubei Province. Additionally, we explore the statistical characteristics of intensity, radius and their positive correlation. In studying the decadal variation of cyclones, we find a similar evolution between the cyclones and Meiyu precipitation. Therefore, we further investigate the correlation between the Jianghuai cyclones and the precipitation during the Meiyu period. There is a positive correlation coefficient of 0.77 between them. Notably, the percentage of precipitation affected by cyclone activities can reach up to 47 %. The anomalous increase in precipitation caused by cyclones north of 27° N can reach a maximum of 7 mm d−1. When a cyclone exists, a significant negative geopotential height anomaly at the 500 hPa level over Mongolia can be traced back to day −4. The abnormally enhanced WPSH (western Pacific subtropical high), southwesterly low-level jet and negative geopotential height are the dominant factors causing abnormal precipitation during Jianghuai cyclones. Before and after the cyclone develops, water vapor flux and divergence from low latitudes increase abnormally, providing sufficient water vapor conditions for the generation of cyclone precipitation.

The issue of identity has been a key philosophical topic among philosophers since the beginning of the 21th century. The Virtual space and the Internet have exerted an enormous influence on people's life in the age of information. This article studies the influence of virtual space on identity in the Internet age from the philosophical perspective. The authors think that growth of the influence of computers and network technology on human beings has been a progressive and multi-staged process. Synthesising and analysing the achievements of related research both in China and abroad, it is clear that computers' relationship with human beings has gone through three stages: the first in which the computer was like a tool, the second in which it was like a mirror, and the third in which it is like a gateway or maze, that is, the virtue reality and space. Focusing only on the relations between virtual space and identity 'on the ground', the article proposes that the following two guidelines may aid future inquiry. First, discussing and thinking about the issue of identity from the perspective of relations between virtual space and identity can deepen our understanding of the constituent elements of contemporary identity. Second, the discussion of identity in its relation to virtual space can spur more considerations of the 'self' qua critical concept.

Abstract
Since China officially gained access to the Internet in 1994, Internet-based communication has gradually become the dominant form of communication within Chinese society and between China and the international community. Understanding the Internet and its impact on China is not only a key to understanding modern China and its relationship with the world, but also a powerful complement to the classical topics of communication and an indispensable observation on new developments. Combing through the transformation of Internet-based communication research in China, this paper summarizes the achievements in five key areas, reflects on the failures, and makes a call to return to the core relationship between communication and people.

Abstract: This article explores whether the legal landscape will be fundamentally changed in view of the emergence of smart contracts in China. Beyond the phenomenon of bitcoin supported by blockchain technology, we examine the development of smart contracts on blockchain with a close scrutiny of their merits and limits, and the intrinsic legal uncertainties in their application. The main argument is that while the gaps between the regulatory framework and the business practice can be identified, for most parts, the current legal framework can accommodate or mitigate the legal risks brought about by smart contracts. Résumé: Cet article pose la question si le paysage juridique sera fondamentalement changé par l'émergence des contrats intelligents en Chine. À part du phénomène du Bitcoin qui s'appuie sur la technologie Blockchain, nous examinons le développement des contrats intelligents en Blockchain avec une étude approfondie de leurs mérites et limites ainsi que les incertitudes légales qui sont intrinsèques à leur application. L'argument principal est que, bien qu'on puisse identifier des différences entre le cadre réglementaire et la pratique d'affaires, le cadre juridique contemporain peut, pour la plupart, accommoder ou mitiger les risques légaux causés par les contrats intelligents.

AbstractManuscript TypeEmpiricalResearch Question/IssueUsing the US setting from 1996 to 2006, we examine how the market for independent directors responds to increasingly stringent scrutiny.Research Findings/InsightsDespite the unambiguous increase in the demand for independent directors (with financial expertise) since 2000, independent directors (with financial expertise) have not expanded their board seats but reduced them. Incumbents are more likely to depart from firms that are costly to advise and monitor, but only post‐2000. Meanwhile, we document an influx of new directors to the labor market. These new directors are more likely to be hired by firms that are costly to advise and monitor post‐2000 and are more likely to be financial experts so that the increased demand can be satisfied.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsWe provide evidence that the demand–supply framework adequately captures the market for independent directors. In particular, rather than the demand effect simply dominating the supply effect for a particular group of directors, the demand is fulfilled by opposing supply effects of different types of directors, specifically incumbents versus new entrants.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsPolicy makers should not underestimate the (dis)incentives that directors have to provide services to the market when initiating future governance reforms (e.g. writing the limit on the number of directorships held by directors into best practice/law). Firms, especially ones that are costly for directors to advise and monitor, are encouraged to explore effective ways to retain valuable directors and prepare thorough succession plans whenever the supply of directors is expected to shrink.