Suchergebnisse

La Chine commence à découvrir l'Europe à partir de la Guerre de l'Opium en 1840. Progressivement, les Chinois apprennent que ces pays lointains représentent aussi des puissances supérieures sur le plan matériel et militaire d'abord, sur le plan économique et politique ensuite. L'approche des Chinois sera intimement liée aux circonstances qui les contraindront à s'ouvrir aux pays étrangers. C'est donc à partir d'un sino-centrisme humilié et d'une douloureuse quête de leur identité propre qu'ils en viendront à être à même de construire les différences qui séparent les continents.
Aujourd'hui, le monde lointain et mystérieux des anciens "barbares" est perçu avec plus de pertinence ; en effet, la réflexion interculturelle centrée sur les mentalités et les valeurs permet et le relativisme et les échanges réciproques.

This research analyzed the impact of environmental regulations and their power in suppressing tourism carbon emissions. The results showed that: (1) four types of environmental regulations had significant inhibiting effects on tourism carbon emissions, but different types of regulations had varying effects; and (2) environmental regulations had a significant time lag effect on tourism carbon emissions. The decay rates of the environmental regulation effects were dissimilar for supervisory management, market incentives, command and control, and public participation; and (3) environmental regulations had dissimilar influences on tourism carbon emissions at the regional level. Government agencies should choose differentiated environmental regulation tools, attach great importance to the time-lag effect of environmental regulations on tourism carbon emissions, and establish systems and mechanisms of public participation in environmental matters.

China's cultural revolution, which took place in the 20th century, is bound to be one of the major historical events in Chinese history due to its long duration, great destruction and far-reaching influence.The debate on the right and wrong of the Chinese cultural revolution has been going on till today.There is a consensus on the depth of its lessons, but it is difficult to get a consensus on its formation and reflection.This paper analyzes the causes of the Chinese cultural revolution from the perspective of history, culture and system, and analyzes the ways to avoid the recurrence of tragedy, so as to think and study the feasibility of the future construction of the rule of law and the harmonious development of human beings in China.

Cette thèse a consisté en une recherche qualitative et ethnographique. Elle visait à déterminer le rôle joué par la compétence plurilingue et pluriculturelle d'une enseignante et de ses vingt-deux élèves grands débutants au sein d'un enseignement du chinois langue étrangère. Comment une enseignante de chinois langue étrangère interprète-elle cette notion ? Comment peut-elle prendre en compte et s'appuyer sur les langues acquises précédemment de ses élèves, soit le répertoire plurilingue de ses élèves, pour faciliter son enseignement ? Il ne s'agissait pas simplement d'identifier les mécanismes et la fréquence d'utilisation du répertoire plurilingue dans l'enseignement du chinois standard, mais aussi d'interroger les représentations de l'enseignante et de ses élèves afin de saisir les causes du décalage entre le discours et les instructions officiels d'une part et les pratiques d'enseignement et d'apprentissage d'autre part. Ma thèse a démontré deux résultats significatifs : la « sloganisation » de la notion de compétence plurilingue et pluriculturelle dans les politiques linguistiques éducatives de la France et le manque de conscience du recours à la compétence plurilingue et pluriculturelle chez les protagonistes du terrain. ; This thesis consists of a qualitative and ethnographic research. It aims to determinate the role played by the plurilingual and pluricultural competence of a teacher and her twenty-two full beginner students in the context of the teaching of Chinese as a foreign language. How does this teacher interpret this notion? How can this teacher take into account and make use of her students' previously acquired languages, i.e. their plurilingual repertoire, to facilitate her teaching? This thesis concerns not only identifying the mechanisms and the frequency of the use of the plurilingual repertoire in the teaching of standard Chinese, but also interrogating the teacher and the students' representation. This analysis intends to seize the causes of the gap between the official discourse and instructions on one hand and the empirical teaching and learning practices on the other hand. This thesis demonstrated two significant results: the "sloganization" of the notion of plurilingual and pluricultural competence in French educative language policies and the lack of awareness of the protagonists concerning their solicitation of the plurilingual and pluricultural competence in the classroom.

This thesis consists of a qualitative and ethnographic research. It aims to determinate the role played by the plurilingual and pluricultural competence of a teacher and her twenty-two full beginner students in the context of the teaching of Chinese as a foreign language. How does this teacher interpret this notion? How can this teacher take into account and make use of her students' previously acquired languages, i.e. their plurilingual repertoire, to facilitate her teaching? This thesis concerns not only identifying the mechanisms and the frequency of the use of the plurilingual repertoire in the teaching of standard Chinese, but also interrogating the teacher and the students' representation. This analysis intends to seize the causes of the gap between the official discourse and instructions on one hand and the empirical teaching and learning practices on the other hand.This thesis demonstrated two significant results: the "sloganization" of the notion of plurilingual and pluricultural competence in French educative language policies and the lack of awareness of the protagonists concerning their solicitation of the plurilingual and pluricultural competence in the classroom. ; Cette thèse a consisté en une recherche qualitative et ethnographique. Elle visait à déterminer le rôle joué par la compétence plurilingue et pluriculturelle d'une enseignante et de ses vingt-deux élèves grands débutants au sein d'un enseignement du chinois langue étrangère. Comment une enseignante de chinois langue étrangère interprète-elle cette notion ? Comment peut-elle prendre en compte et s'appuyer sur les langues acquises précédemment de ses élèves, soit le répertoire plurilingue de ses élèves, pour faciliter son enseignement ? Il ne s'agissait pas simplement d'identifier les mécanismes et la fréquence d'utilisation du répertoire plurilingue dans l'enseignement du chinois standard, mais aussi d'interroger les représentations de l'enseignante et de ses élèves afin de saisir les causes du décalage entre le discours et les ...

2011/2012 ; Fossil energy sources are non-renewable being an irreplaceable endowment produced from millennia of biological and geological processes, which means that on the human time-scale they cannot be naturally regenerated and are only available in a finite amount on earth. Scientific and technological data concerning renewable fuels are exponentially growing and in parallel the governments are more and more attracted by these more sustainable energy sources. Overall, solar energy is the most abundant and easily available renewable resource which, however, has its own problems such as neither constantly available nor distributed equally over the surface of the globe. Hydrogen and various bio-fuels, such as bio-ethanol, biodiesel or biogas, have the potentiality to store the solar energy, playing a crucial role in the development of future renewable energy strategies. Nevertheless, as a general comment, it is very difficult and expensive to harness enough power from them to match the effectiveness of non-renewable resources. Thus, it is a big challenge to develop new and high efficient approach to improve the efficiency in production and use of these renewable resources. Nanotechnology is a key area that can help solving this issue. In fact, by using the tools offered by nanotechnology, it is possible to obtain tailored nanostructured catalytic materials that show remarkably better performance than that currently achievable even with state-of- the-art materials. The fields of catalysis, electrocatalysis, photocatalysis and photoelectron- catalysis are all examples of where nanotechnology is deeply impacting on current science, and in particular in energy related applications. The main focus of this PhD thesis is on nanotechnology applied to material science to enhance the performances of various on two important energy-related processes: namely the Fuel Cells (especially the Direct Alcohol Fuel Cell - DAFC) and the hydrogen production process. The H2 production processes include the electrochemical H2 production approach (the water electrolysis technique) and the photocatalytical H2 production approach (the photocatalytic decomposition of water into H2 technique). In the both the energy conversion processes, TiO2 nanotube arrays (TNTA) architectures were used as substrates and the Palladium (Pd) nanoparticles (NPs) were used as supported nanocatalysts. Therefore the most important results in this thesis are the design, realization, functional testing and characterization of supported Pd nanocatalysts on various TiO2 substrates with tailored and well-defined structures, in addition their use for energy-related applications, which are organized as follows: In the Chapter 1, the general principles of the fuel cells technique; the electrolysis technique; the TNTA substrate architecture and the principles of photocatalytic processes for H2 production are outlined or described in details. In addition, the development status and the preparation strategies of catalysts for the alcohol electrochemical oxidation are introduced in this chapter. In the chapter 2, an overview of the main characterization techniques is reported, all of which have been used in this thesis, in order to study the reactivity and the morphological and chemical properties of the samples. The aim of the present chapter is not that of providing exhaustive information about all the techniques. Rather, it is expected to furnish to the reader the main elements to better appreciate the results obtained and described in the following chapters of this thesis. Since the catalytic performance of the nanocatalysts can be finely turned by their shape, which determines surface atomic arrangement and coordination. In the chapter 3,we report a novel method of metal NPs modification, denoted as Electrochemical Milling and Faceting (ECMF), by which large supported Pd NPs (35 nm) of low-index facets supported on TNTA substrate can be milled into many small NPs (7 nm) with some HIF or high density of step atoms. By this approach, the catalytic activity of supported Pd NPs was enhanced by an order of magnitude to the ethanol electrooxidation, and was even 3 times higher than the highest value reported so far. This new approach to the synthesis of HIF-Pd NPs allows one to control metal loading, particle size and surface structure, independently from each other. Furthermore, in a practical catalytic system, such as the DAFC; the electrolysis system and the photocatalytical H2 production system, the electrochemical activity of the supported catalysts is not the only one parameter which needs to be concerned about, the other parameters for the whole test system's establishment such as the selection and preparation of the substrate material also need to the carefully optimize. In the chapter 4, a new type of Ti network substrate with the TNTA on top was prepared and introduced into the DAFC test system and also used in the electrolysis and photocatalytical H2 production process. This kind of substrate solved the typical problems of the DAFC such as the fuel solution diffusion limitation and the stability of the as supported catalysts drop during the large current density discharge. It was also proved to be a good choice as the substrate for the Photocatalytic decomposition of alkaline ethanol aqueous into H2, which showed good performances of the H2 photochatalytic evolution. Chapter 5 is the conclusion of my PhD thesis. The results clearly demonstrate the novelty and the advantage of the present approach for the obtainment of active and stable electrochemical catalysts for the DAFC and the electrolysis system, and also represent an important step forward in the exploration of new active nanosystems for the conversion of solar light into storable chemical energy. All the findings greatly contributed to the development of catalytic materials for energy-related applications. ; XXV Ciclo ; 1983