Aufsatz(elektronisch)#16September 1970
Ch'ing's Sale of Honours and the Chinese Leadership in Singapore and Malaya (1877 – 1912)
In: Journal of Southeast Asian studies, Band 1, Heft 2, S. 20-32
ISSN: 1474-0680
The last decade of the 19th century and the turn of the present century saw a flux of Ch'ing official titles among overseas Chinese leaders in Singapore and Malaya. They had formerly been excluded from imperial bureaucracy and title holding in China; now it became possible to purchase honours without much effort. This represented a substantial change of the Ch'ing's attitude towards its overseas subjects. This paper asks why the titles were made available, and why the overseas Chinese leaders were so eager to acquire them.
