Suchergebnisse

The article concerns the confrontation between the European Union and the Russian Federation caused by the unjustified double aggression of Russian troops against the Republic of Ukraine. On the one hand, the EU provides significant financial and humanitarian assistance to the attacked state, but also to the aggressors, i.e. the Russian Federation. Far-reaching restrictive measures were agreed and implemented in the economic, mainly in the financial sphere and in the field of energy resources, as well as diplomatic restrictions. The sanctions are also aimed at Belarus, which is Russia's closest ally and co-participant in the aggression against Ukraine. By mid-2023, the EU had adopted ten sanction packages, which in total affected 207 entities and 1,473 individuals. The actions of the EU institutions and member states have contributed to the weakening of the Russian economy and the reduction of Russia's GDP, and have significantly made life difficult for the people of the Russian Federation and Belarus.

The paper presents the scope and scale of transformation of the defense industries of Central Eastern Europe (CEE) countries after the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the USSR. The starting point is the role and position of the armaments economy sector (armaments economy environment), embedded in the realities of the centrally planned economy, and its submission to the politics of the USSR. The turn of the centuries was a period of political and economic transformation conducted during the conditions of a deep economic recession. The defense industry was one of the economic sectors most affected by the crisis. The economic and defense policy of CEE countries was aimed at preserving the capabilities of the armaments sector. Restructuring activities initiated and forced by the change of the political and economic environment have already brought noticeable effects, even though the process has not yet been completed. Defense industry enterprises have become entities operating on the same terms and conditions as other companies on the competitive market. The method of comparative analysis and a case study supplemented with elements of descriptive statistics were used to evaluate the course of the processes. The study has been focused on the analysis of the course of the changes and examination of effects of the analyzed phenomena for the economy and defense of the CEE countries, taking into account primarily their scale and scope.