Suchergebnisse

Government strategy is to reduce by 40% the number of serious deaths and injuries from road accidents before 2010. Police accident STATS 19 for Scotland show that most deaths and serious road injuries occur in rural areas on B and A class roads which have the highest accident rate / kilometre. Most accidents occur on bends at night and most involve younger male drivers.An SOS omnibus survey was conducted in mid 2007 to ascertain: who drives on rural roads in Scotland, how frequently they drive rural roads; risky behaviour patterns; driving speed; age and gender differences in relation to driving speed. Driver assessment of appropriate speed, based on perceived environmental and road conditions, was also reviewed.Conclusions are presented.

BACKGROUND: Eighty per cent of Malawi's 8 million children live in rural areas, and there is an extensive tiered health system infrastructure from village health clinics to district hospitals which refers patients to one of the four central hospitals. The clinics and district hospitals are staffed by nurses, non-physician clinicians and recently qualified doctors. There are 16 paediatric specialists working in two of the four central hospitals which serve the urban population as well as accepting referrals from district hospitals. In order to provide expert paediatric care as close to home as possible, we describe our plan to task share within a managed clinical network and our hypothesis that this will improve paediatric care and child health. PRESENTATION OF THE HYPOTHESIS: Managed clinical networks have been found to improve equity of care in rural districts and to ensure that the correct care is provided as close to home as possible. A network for paediatric care in Malawi with mentoring of non-physician clinicians based in a district hospital by paediatricians based at the central hospitals will establish and sustain clinical referral pathways in both directions. Ultimately, the plan envisages four managed paediatric clinical networks, each radiating from one of Malawi's four central hospitals and covering the entire country. This model of task sharing within four hub-and-spoke networks may facilitate wider dissemination of scarce expertise and improve child healthcare in Malawi close to the child's home. TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS: Funding has been secured to train sufficient personnel to staff all central and district hospitals in Malawi with teams of paediatric specialists in the central hospitals and specialist non-physician clinicians in each government district hospital. The hypothesis will be tested using a natural experiment model. Data routinely collected by the Ministry of Health will be corroborated at the district. This will include case fatality rates for common childhood illness, perinatal mortality and process indicators. Data from different districts will be compared at baseline and annually until 2020 as the specialists of both cadres take up posts. IMPLICATIONS OF THE HYPOTHESIS: If a managed clinical network improves child healthcare in Malawi, it may be a potential model for the other countries in sub-Saharan Africa with similar cadres in their healthcare system and face similar challenges in terms of scarcity of specialists.

The last decade has seen renewed concern within the scientific community over the reproducibility and transparency of research findings. This paper outlines some of the various responsibilities of stakeholders in addressing the systemic issues that contribute to this concern. In particular, this paper asserts that a united, joined-up approach is needed, in which all stakeholders, including researchers, universities, funders, publishers, and governments, work together to set standards of research integrity and engender scientific progress and innovation. Using two developments as examples: the adoption of Registered Reports as a discrete initiative, and the use of open data as an ongoing norm change, we discuss the importance of collaboration across stakeholders.

Book Reviews in This Article: Nationalization: A Book of Readings Edited by A.H.Hanson. Papers in Comparative Public Administration Edited by Ferrel Heady and Sybil L. Yesterday's Rulers By Robert Heussler. Cases in Indian Administration By Ram Saran, M.A.Muttalib, A.Avasthi, P.Prasad and P.R.Dubhashi. Establishment of the Heavy Electrical Plant at Bhopal By S.S.Khera. Economic Planning and Town Expansion By John H.Dunning. London 2000 By Peter Hall. The Industrial Management Pool: an Indian Administrative Experiment By H.K.Paranjape. Administration and Economic Development in India Edited by R.Braibanti and J.J. Spengler. Democracy, Decentralization and Development By Henry Maddick. Local Government by Committee By Chetakar Jha. Foundations of English Administrative Law: Certiorari and Mandamus in the Seventeenth Century By Edith G. Henderson. Control of Public Expenditure in India By A.Premchand. The Fundamentals of Management By W.S. Barry.

Background Plasmodium vivax exacts a significant toll on health worldwide, yet few efforts to date have quantified the extent and temporal trends of its global distribution. Given the challenges associated with the proper diagnosis and treatment of P vivax, national malaria programmes—particularly those pursuing malaria elimination strategies—require up to date assessments of P vivax endemicity and disease impact. This study presents the first global maps of P vivax clinical burden from 2000 to 2017. Methods In this spatial and temporal modelling study, we adjusted routine malariometric surveillance data for known biases and used socioeconomic indicators to generate time series of the clinical burden of P vivax. These data informed Bayesian geospatial models, which produced fine-scale predictions of P vivax clinical incidence and infection prevalence over time. Within sub-Saharan Africa, where routine surveillance for P vivax is not standard practice, we combined predicted surfaces of Plasmodium falciparum with country-specific ratios of P vivax to P falciparum. These results were combined with surveillance-based outputs outside of Africa to generate global maps. Findings We present the first high-resolution maps of P vivax burden. These results are combined with those for P falciparum (published separately) to form the malaria estimates for the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study. The burden of P vivax malaria decreased by 41·6%, from 24·5 million cases (95% uncertainty interval 22·5–27·0) in 2000 to 14·3 million cases (13·7–15·0) in 2017. The Americas had a reduction of 56·8% (47·6–67·0) in total cases since 2000, while South-East Asia recorded declines of 50·5% (50·3–50·6) and the Western Pacific regions recorded declines of 51·3% (48·0–55·4). Europe achieved zero P vivax cases during the study period. Nonetheless, rates of decline have stalled in the past five years for many countries, with particular increases noted in regions affected by political and economic instability. Interpretation Our study ...

Book Reviews in This Article:R. H. Hilton. A Medieval Society: the West Midlands at the End of the Thirteenth Century.R. I. Jack (Ed.). The Grey of Ruthin Valor. The Valor of the English lands of Edmund Grey, Earl of Kent, drawn up from the ministers' accounts of 1467‐8.Roger Howell. Newcastle upon Tyne and the Puritan Revolution. A Study of the Civil War in North England.J. D. Marshall (Ed.). The Autobiography of William Stout of Lancaster 1665‐1752.Naomi Riches. The Agricultural Revolution in Norfolk.Frank Booker. Industrial Archaeology of the Tamar Valley.Francis E. Hyde with contributions from J. R. Harris and A. M. Bourn. Shipping Enterprise and Management, 1830‐1939: Harrisons of Liverpool.David L. Smith. The Dalmellington Iron Company. Its Engines and Men.J. R. Vincent. Pollbooks: How Victorians Voted.Maurice Cowling. 1867: Disraeli, Gladstone, and Revolution. The Passing of the Second Reform Bill.E. D. Mackerness (Ed.). The Journals of George Sturt, 1890‐1927.Bentley B. Gilbert. The Evolution of National Insurance in Great Britain. The Origins of the Welfare State.A. T. K. Grant. A Study of the Capital Market in Britain from 1919‐36.Walford Johnson, John Whyman, George Wykes. A Short Economic and Social History of Twentieth Century Britain.PERIODICAL LITERATURE, 1966(i) Medieval(ii) 1500‐1700(iii) 1700‐1800(iv) Since 1800Philip Grierson. Bibliographie Numismatique.A. Ferrer. The Argentine Economy. An Economic History of Argentina.J. Hovy. Het voorstel van 1751 tot instelling van een bepeskt vrijhavenstelsel in de Republick.Theo P. M. de Jong. De krimpende horizon van de Hollandse kooplieden. Hollands welvaren in het Caribisch zeegebied, 1780‐1830.G. L. Adhya. Early Indian Economics. Studies in the Economic Life of Northern and Western India 200 B.C. to A.D. 300.T. H. Beaglehole. Thomas Munro and the Development of Administrative Policy in Madras, 1792‐1818.Karl Polanyi. Dahomey and the Slave Trade. An Analysis of an Archaic Economy.R. J. Hammond. Portugal and Africa, 1815‐1910.Roland Oliver and Anthony Atmore. Africa since 1800.C. R. Boxer. Portuguese Society in the Tropics. The Municipal Councils of Goa, Macao, Bahia, and Luanda, 1510‐1800.GERMANY Beiträge zur Wirtschafts‐ und Stadtgeschichte. Festschrift für Hektor Ammann. Festschrift Hermann Aubin zum 80. Geburtstag. Wirtschaft, Geschichte und Wirtschaftsgeschichte. Festschrift zum 65. Geburtstag von Friedrich Lütge.Friedrich Lutge. Die Agrarverfassung des frühen Mittelalters im mitteldeutschen Raum vornehmlich in der Karolingerzeit.Philippe Dollinger. Die Hanse.Karl‐Friedrich Olechnowitz. Handel und Seeschiffahrt der späten Hanse.Wilhelm Abel. Agrarkrisen und Agrarkonjunktur. Eine Geschichte der Land‐ und Ernährungs‐wirtschaft Mitteleuropas seit dent hohen Mittelalter.Martin Grosser. Anleitung zu der Landwirtschaft.Walter Achilles. Vermögensverhältnisse braunschweigischer Bauernhöfe im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert.Carl Jantke and Dietrich Hilger (Eds.). Die Eigentumslosen. Der deutsche Pauperismus und die Emanzipationskrise in Darstellungen und Deutungen der zeitgenössischen Literatur.Antje Kraus. Die Unterschichten Hamburgs in der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts. Entstehung, Struktur und Lebensverhältnisse.Ernst Wolfgang Buchholz. Ländliche Bevölkerung an der Schwelle des Industriezeitalters. Der Raum Braunschweig als Beispiel.Ilja Mieck. Preussische Gewerbepolitik in Berlin, 1806‐1844. Staatshilfe und Privatinitiative zwischen Merkantilismus und Liberalismus.Julius Marx. Die wirtschaftlichen Ursachen der Revolution von 1848 in Österreich.Alfred Schröter and Walter Becker. Die deutsche Maschinenbauindustrie in der industriellen Revolution.Horst Blumberg. Die deutsche Textilindustrie in der industriellen Revolution.Ludwig Puppke. Sozialpolitik und soziale Anschauungen frühindustrieller Unternehmer in Rheinland‐Westfalen.Franz Decker. Die betrieblich Sozialordnung der Dürener Industrie im 19. Jahrhundert.Wolfram Fischer. Herz des Reviers. 125 Jahre Wirtschaftsgeschichte des Industrie‐ und Handelskammerbezirks Essen‐Mülheim‐Oberhausen.Walther G. Hoffmann, with the help of Franz Grumbach and Helmut Hesse. Das Wachstum der deutschen Wirtschaft seit der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts.Rolf Engelsing. Massenpublikum und Journalistentum im 19. Jahrhundert in Nordwestdeutschland.Dieter Schäfer. Der Deutsche Industrie‐ und Handelstag als politisches Forum der Weimarer Republik. Eine historische Studie zum Verhältnis von Politik und Wirtschaft.Jürgen Kuczynski. Die Geschichte der Lage der Arbeiter unter dem Kapitalismus. Problemi delta civiltà e dell' economia longobarda. Scritti in memoria di Gian Piero Bognetti. Annali dell' Istituto di Storia Economica e Sociale dell' Università di Napoli.Giuseppe Galasso. Mezzogiorno medievale e moderno.Elio Conti. La formazione della struttura agraria moderna nel contado fiorentino.Angelo Ventura. Nobiltà e popolo nella società veneta del '400 e'500.Maria Borgherini. L'Arte della lana in Padova duranle il governo della Repubblica di Venezia, 1405‐1797.Marino Berengo. Nobili e mercanti nella Lucca del Cinquecento.G. Belloni. Scritture inedite e dissertazioni "Del Commercio".Mario Bandini. Incontro con gli scrittori italiani di politica agraria—dalla metà del Settecento alla metà dell' Ottocento. Insegnamenti di agricoltura parmigiana del XVIII secolo.Luigi Dal Pane. La finanza toscana dagli inizi del secolo XVIII alla caduta del Granducato.Carlo Vanzetti. Due secoli di storia dell' agricoltura Veronese.Pasquale Villani. La vendita dei beni dello stato nel regno di Napoli (1806‐1815).Domenico Demarco. Banco, e congiuntura nel Mezzogiorno d'Italia.Piero Barucci. Il pensiero economico di Melchiorre Gioia.Luigi De Rosa. Il Banco di Napoli nella vita economica nazionale, 1863‐1883.Giorgio Porisini. L'agricoltura ravennate nell' età giolittiana. Prime ricerche.Giuseppe Are. Il problema dello sviluppo industriale nell' età della Destra.PERIODICAL LITERATURE, 1966Philippe Dollinger and Philippe Wolff. Bibliographie d'histoire des villes de France.Pierre Chaunu. La Civilisation de l'Europe Classique.Michel Morineau. Jauges et méthodes de jauge anciennes et modernes. Annuaire statistique de la France, 1966. Villages désertés et histoire économique. XI‐XVIII siècle.Robert Boutruche (Ed.). Bordeaux de 1453 à 1715.Michel Mollat and Paul Adam. Les aspects internationaux de la découverte océanique aux XVe et XVIe siècles.Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie. Les Paysans du Languedoc.F. Mauro. Le XVIe siècle européen. Aspects économiques.J. Bertin, S. Bonin, P. Chaunu. Les Philippines et le Pacifique des Ibériques, XVIe, XVIIe, XVIIIe siècles. Construction graphique.Gaston Rambert. Histoire du Commerce de Marseille.Pierre Goubert. Louis XIV et vingt millions de Français.Ferreol Rebuffat and Marcel Courdurie. Marseille et le négoce monétaire international (1785‐1790).Albert Silbert. Le Portugal méditerranéen à la fin de l'Ancien Régime. XVIIIe‐début du XIXe siècle. Contribution à l'histoire agraire comparée.Abel Poitrineau. La vie rurale en Basse‐Auvergne au XVIIIe siècle (1726‐1780).Jean Meyer. La Noblesse bretonne au XVIIIe siècle.T. J. Markovitch. L'industrie française de 1789 à 1964. Analyse des faits.Jacques Toulemonde. Naissance d'une métropole. Histoire économique et sociale de Roubaix et Tourcoing au XIXe siècle.Roger Priouret. La Caisse des dépǒts. Cent‐cinquante ans d'histoire financière.Jean Bouvier, François Furet, and Marcel Gillet. Le mouvement du profit en France au XIXe siècle, Matériaux et Etudes.Modern History since 1500: (a) Rural(b) Non‐rural