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Does redistricting affect the election success of incumbents? Does it affect the electoral fortunes of political parties? These questions are examined in five states that used different redistricting processes in 1991-1992 and in two states where the redistricting process changed from 1981-1982 to 1991-1992. In states where redistricting was highly partisan, parties controlling the process gained politically. In states where redistricting was bipartisan, that is, both parties were involved, neither party gained an advantage. Likewise, where redistricting was nonpartisan, that is, parties were excluded from the process, neither party gained an advantage and the outcome was least hospitable to incumbents.

Explores why some states abandoned HSAs and others retained them, in light of the strength of the medical lobby and health care costs; US.

THE EFFECTS OF REAPPORTIONMENT ON PARTISAN BALANCE AND ON THE REELECTION OF INCUMBENTS SHOULD BE EXPECTED TO DIFFER, DEPENDING ON WHETHER THE REAPPORTIONMENT PROCESS WAS EFFECTIVELY CONTROLLED BY ONE PARTY OR WAS BIPARTISAN OR NONPARTISAN. THESE HYPOTHESES ARE TESTED IN 15 STATE LEGISLATURES FOR THE POST-1980 REDISTRICTING. PARTISAN EFFECTS ARE MOST LIKELY TO OCCUR WHERE THE PROCESS IS HIGHLY PARTISAN. EVEN THEN, HOWEVER, THE PARTISAN GAINS ARE LIKELY TO BE SHORT TERM AND TO DISSIPATE AFTER TWO OR THREE ELECTIONS. INCUMBENTS WHO RUN APPEAR MORE LIKELY TO GET REELECTED IN THE YEARS FOLLOWING AN ELECTION, WHETHER THE PROCESS WAS CONTROLLED BY ONE PARTY OR WAS BIPARTISAN.

Examines whether political empowerment has the same positive consequences for women as for ethnic & racial minorities in terms of political attitudes & participation. Data from the 1992 National Election Study & the Almanac for American Politics, 1990, 1992, & 1994, are used to explore whether women who are represented by women in Congress are more likely to (1) be interested in & participate in politics; (2) have a greater sense of political efficacy, competence, & trust; & (3) evaluate Congress as an institution more favorably than do women represented by men. In general, this is found to be true. Moreover, the findings clearly seem to be a function of empowerment, rather than of other factors that might account for both the election of a woman to Congress & differences in her constituents' attitudes & behavior. 24 References. Adapted from the source document.

ABSTRACTThis article clarifies some of the theoretical issues relevant to the concept of termination of public policies. It distinguishes between functional and structural termination, considering the first to reflect an end to policy or program activities, the second to reflect an end to institutional arrangements that have responsibility for policies or programs. Their Interrelationship is analyzed. The authors find that few programs or policies are terminated; fewer bureaus, agencies, or departments are eliminated. In fact, efforts at termination occasionally lead to an expansion of resources. An application of these concepts and this framework in the case of community health care in Nebraska demonstrates their potential utility for understanding termination.

Theoretical issues relevant to the concept of termination of public policies are clarified. Emphasized is the difference between functional & structural termination. Whereas the former reflects an end to policy or program activites, the latter refers to an end to institutional arrangements that have responsibility for policies or programs. Although by definition functional termination should occur as a result of the elimination of the problem which initiated the original government response, most problems encountered by the government are continuous. As a result, functional termination takes the form of policy or program substitution. Four main factors that influence these substitutions are: (1) changes in technology, (2) changes in the allocation of public resources, (3) changes in policy &/or ideological support, & (4) changes in attitudes relative to appropriate modes of service delivery. Structural termination occurs when an institution, organization, or agency either ceases to be or suffers some reduction in resources. Structural termination occurs less often than functional termination, but functional termination is frequently found to signal the occurrence of structural termination. The comment is made that few programs or policies are terminated; fewer bureaus, agencies, or departments are eliminated. In fact, efforts at termination occassionally lead to an expansion of resources. An application of these concepts in the case of community health care in Neb demonstrates their potential utility for understanding the process of termination. 1 Table, 1 Figure. Modified HA.