There is a new wave sweeping American politics. Beginning in 2009 as the people's movement, the Tea Party is taking American politics by storm. Hoping to change the way the American public thinks about American politics, the Tea Party is using some innovative tactics. Utilizing the only official Tea Party publication, an analysis of the publication's first year was done to identify the frames that were being put forth by the organization to gain support. By using the cross over frame, the us vs. them frame and the threat frame, the Tea Party hoped to resonate with a large population in the upcoming elections. Each of frames sought to bring the movement together for the 2012 elections. What was not clear was the movement's intentions after the election. Thus the movement needed to fashion their frames to make sure that they can live within those frames and still be successful. The movement must do this quickly as public support for the movement is beginning to dwindle.
This dissertation studies the role of social institutions in economic development. While other research has examined the role of ethnicity, religion and other types of large-scale social organizations in development, I study the impact of two different types of local social organizations in two very different contexts. The first social institution that I study are the tribes of modern Yemen and the second is the Freemasons of the United States in the nineteenth century. I demonstrate that both have had an important impact on development, with the first affecting a political patronage network that functions through the education system and the second having a direct impact on the development of the American educational system.The first chapter examines the relationship between political patronage and tribes, a key social institution in the developing world. Patronage is a tool used throughout the world to reward political allies. Here I create a dataset of Yemeni tribes to explore their role in an educational patronage network that accounts for upwards of 6% of the entire Yemeni government budget. My analysis has two key results. First, conditional on a rich set of controls, I find that the number of tribes has a significant impact on the quantity of patronage. This impact is negative between regions, though positive within regions, as regions with more tribes have less patronage while sub-regions with more tribes have more patronage. The contrast between these effects illustrates the differing influence of tribes in local and national politics. Second, I find no evidence that a recent decentralization reform affected this patronage network. This analysis provides insight into how pre-Islamic institutions have an important role in the development outcomes of the Muslim Middle East and why decentralization reforms proposed for countries similar to Yemen, such as Afghanistan and Somalia, may be ineffective in weakening the power of local elites.The second chapter examines the role that American Freemasonry played in the historical expansion of the American educational system. I demonstrate that 19th century Freemasonry had a significant positive impact on educational enrollment during and after the rapid rise of the `common school' in the late 19th century. And in what is a striking example of the `path dependence' of social institutions, I show that this effect persisted through the expansion of American high schools in the 1910s-1940s even after the waning of the influence of this organization. Interestingly, Freemasonry's impact was particularly significant in areas that were the most heterogeneous - both ethnically and religiously. This, combined with the the further observation that areas with more Freemasons had higher levels of local taxation, suggests that Freemasonry helped communities overcome the common good problem. As Freemasons did not tend to migrate to areas with existing public education systems, this effect is not driven by reverse causality. And I use a panel data set of enrollment to provide evidence that unobserved heterogeneity and endogeneity are not driving the observed relationship.The third chapter, which is a co-authored project with Bryan Graham and Cristine Campos de Xavier Pinto, develops a new empirical tool of significant utility for empirical economists studying issues such as those faced in the other chapters. It presents a new estimator, based on minimum empirical discrepancy (MD) methods, for a class of data combination problems. In these problems the researcher does not have access to a random sample containing measurements of all required variables, Z=(W',X',Y') . Instead two separate samples are available. The first is drawn from the study population of interest and contains N s measurements of (Y, W) . The second is drawn from an auxiliary population and contains N a measurements of (X, W) . The first step of our procedure involves using MD methods to re-weight the auxiliary sample in order to match study sample moments of W , the variable common to the two datasets. Sample moments from the study and re-weighted auxiliary samples are then combined to estimate the parameter of interest. We show that our estimator's asymptotic variance coincides with the relevant variance bound under two auxiliary parametric restrictions, but only requires one of these two restrictions to hold for consistency (`double robustness'). Our procedure can be used to estimate the average treatment effect on the treated (ATT), the two sample instrumental variables (TSIV) model, counterfactual earnings distributions, and to construct poverty maps. We compare our estimator with leading alternatives in an illustrative study of the effect of National Supported Work (NSW) demonstration participation on earnings and in a series of Monte Carlo experiments.
Purpose This study aims to examine the positive and negative consequences of relationship closeness between salespersons and their business customers in a B2B sales context: sales performance and salesperson passive opportunism.
Design/methodology/approach Drawing on the social exchange theory, the authors develop a conceptual model of positive and negative consequences of relationship closeness. The authors empirically test the model using matched survey data from 269 salesperson-sales supervisor dyads and individual sales performance ratings from one of the largest distribution and market expansion companies in Myanmar.
Findings Results provide evidence of positive (i.e. sales performance) and negative (i.e. salesperson passive opportunism) consequences of salesperson's perceived relationship closeness. These relationships are, however, contingent on organization-level and employee-level factors. High extent of supervision enhances the effects of salesperson's perceived relationship closeness on sales performance but attenuates its influence on salesperson passive opportunism. The effect of salesperson's perceived relationship closeness on salesperson's passive opportunism is stronger for salespersons with a promotion (vs prevention) focus.
Research limitations/implications The results offer guidelines to firms seeking to optimize the efficacy of close relationships between their salespersons and customers. For example, higher levels of supervision could increase the likelihood of positive outcomes of relationship closeness while minimizing its negative consequences.
Originality/value To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate not only the benefits of relationship closeness between salespersons and customers but also its dark side: the relationship closeness paradox.
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore risk factors contained in the existing UK domestic abuse (DA) risk assessment tool: domestic abuse, stalking and harassment and honour-based violence (DASH) for individual predictive validity of DA recidivism using data from Devon and Cornwall Constabulary.
Design/methodology/approach In total, 1,441 DA perpetrators were monitored over a 12-month period, and 270 (18.7 per cent) went on to commit a further DA offence. The individual risk factors which were associated and predictive of increased risk of recidivism were identified.
Findings Only four of the individual risk factors were significantly associated with an increased risk of DA recidivism: "criminal history", "problems with alcohol", "separation" and "frightened". Therefore, 21 of the risk factor items analysed could not discriminate between non-recidivist and recidivist perpetrators. Only two risk factors were able to significantly predict the recidivist group when compared to the non-recidivist group. These were identified as "criminal history" and "separated". Of those who did commit a further DA offence in the following 12 months, 133 were violent and 137 were non-violent. The risk factors associated with these types of recidivism are identified.
Practical implications The implications for UK police practice and the DASH risk assessment tool are discussed. By identifying key individual factors that can prioritise those individuals likely to recidivate and the severity of that recidivism, this could assist police decision making regarding the response and further prevention of DA incidents. The validation of association between individual factors and DA recidivism should improve the accuracy of risk levels.
Originality/value This is the first large-scale validation of the individual risk factors contained within the UK's DA risk assessment tool. It should be noted that the validity of the DASH tool itself was not examined within the current study.
Ökonomie im Gesundheitswesen. Für viele ist das eher negativ belegt. Persönlicher Antrieb der hier Beschäftigten ist doch in erster Linie helfen wollen, heilen oder pflegen. Wirtschaftliche Argumente dürfen doch da nicht entscheidend sein, wo es um den Menschen und seine Gesundheit geht. - Die Praxis und der Alltag sehen freilich anders aus. Längst spielt die Ökonomie eine bedeutende Rolle. Alle wissen das, aber nur wenige öffnen sich vorurteilsfrei diesem Gebiet, das ihre persönlich-berufliche Situation doch mitentscheidend prägt. Ein Lamentieren über die Ökonomisierung des Gesundheitswesens oder gar ein aktives Ankämpfen helfen aber nicht weiter. Klüger ist es wohl, Ökonomie zu verstehen, um sie konstruktiv für die eigenen Überzeugungen und Zielen zu nutzen. - Zum Mitgestalten - im Kleinen oder im Großen - ist aber zunächst ein Grundverständnis betriebswirtschaftlicher Fragestellungen, Zusammenhänge und methodischer Lösungsansätze vonnöten. Dieses Grundverständnis will das vorliegende Buch vermitteln. Es richtet sich an alle Berufsgruppen, die in der Krankenversorgung, Pflege, Seelsorge, Verwaltung, Technik, IT oder in sozialen Diensten tätig sind. Es ist damit bewusst eher breit als tief angelegt und soll als "leichte Kost", sozusagen als Vorspeise, in ein Fach einführen, das in der Primärausbildung der meisten gesundheitsbezogenen Berufsfelder noch weitgehend fehlt. - Die modulare Struktur erlaubt es, gezielt einzelne Kapitel zügig zu lesen und zu verstehen. Empfehlung ist aber auch, dass der Leser breiter in möglichst viele Kapitel hineinsieht, selbst wenn er aktuell keinen berufspraktischen Bezug zum jeweiligen Thema hat. Dieser Intension folgend ist das Buch auch stark visuell angelegt. In allen Kapiteln beschreiben sehr viele Abbildungen und Tabellen zentrale Teilaspekte, Hauptbegriffe werden einfach erläutert, Definitionen hervorgehoben, Wesentliches am Ende jedes Kapitels stichwortartig zusammen gefasst.
The Egyptian protests in early 2011 took many by surprise. In the days immediately following, commentators wondered openly over the changing situation across the Middle East. But protest is nothing new to Egypt, and labor activism and political activism, most notably the Kifaya (Enough) movement, have increased dramatically over recent years. In hindsight, it is the durability of the Mubarak regime, not its sudden loss of legitimacy that should be more surprising. Though many have turned to social media for explanation of the events, in this book, Samer Soliman follows the age-old adage-follow
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Die Abteilungsleitung im Krankenhaus stellt die leitenden Ärzte angesichts des Wandels der Krankenhausstrukturen vor neue Herausforderungen. - Ziel des Buches "Abteilungsmanagement für leitende Ärzte" ist die Bereitstellung von Anregungen für eine effizientere Abteilungsführung im Kontext der Planung und Umsetzung interdisziplinärer Versorgungsstrukturen im Krankenhaus, aber auch im Hinblick auf die Mitwirkung in Projekten zur Integrierten Versorgung. Denn nur Abteilungen, die sich in dieser Richtung "öffnen" werden längerfristig erfolgreich sein. Dies beinhaltet auch die Notwendigkeit des Wandels vom Chefarzt als Einzelkämpfer zum Team orientierten und unternehmerisch denkenden Partner für das gesamte Krankenhaus.
