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Capitalizing on the newly released dataset on United Nations sanctions and armed conflicts, this article raises the question whether targeted sanctions have an impact on the dynamics of armed conflicts, and, if they do, in what way. To answer this question the authors correlate UN sanctions policies to measures related to armed conflict in the period 1991-2013. This is done by systematizing and analysing data produced by the UN Targeted Sanctions Consortium (TSC) and the Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP). It is a first attempt to deal with questions such as the relationship between UN targeted sanctions and armed conflict type, conflict termination and conflict outcome (victory, peace agreements, etc.). The article demonstrates that there are several instances where the UN has decided not to impose targeted sanctions, although the conditions were similar to those cases that saw such action. There is a tendency to use targeted sanctions only in certain types of conflicts. The authors suggest that this is partly rooted in the structure of the UN as an inter-state organization. Thus, sanctions are more of a political instrument than has perhaps been recognized in sanctions research to date. (International Affairs (Oxford) / SWP)

The global number of armed conflicts continued to decline in 2003. A total of 29 conflicts in 22 countries were active in 2003, as against 31 conflicts in 23 countries in 2002. This is the lowest level of armed conflict since the early 1970s. The probability that any particular country was involved in a conflict has never been lower since the early 1950s. Five of the conflicts active in 2003 reached the level of war. A total of 229 armed conflicts in 148 countries have been recorded for the period after World War II (1946–2003). Of these, 116 conflicts in 78 countries were active in the period after the end of the Cold War (1989–2003). Most conflicts are internal: only seven interstate armed conflicts were recorded in the period 1989–2003, of which two were still active in 2003. The measurement of armed conflict is mainly based on news reporting, and it suffers from national and cultural biases. But the scrutiny of armed conflict is becoming more intense, and new sources of information are emerging. For this reason, we have increasing confidence in our data.

This report summarizes experiences gained from two ongoing cases of UN targeted sanctions: the case of Liberia, where sanctions in different forms have been in place since 1992; and the more recent situation of Côte d'Ivoire/Ivory Coast, where the first sanctions decisions came in 2004. In Liberia, the sanctions have now come to play a role in building up a new society after many years of war. They aim at contributing to peace building for the future. In Ivory Coast, the goal is to prevent an immediate return to war and to favour a settlement through democratic means. �hese uses of sanctions are highly complex and important to understand. Based on reports, analyses and on interviews conducted in May-June 2006, this publication offers conclusions for these cases and for UN policy on targeted sanctions in general. It includes around thirty recommendations. Events have been updated until August 1, 2006.

A total of 226 armed conflicts have been recorded for the years 1946-2002. Of these, 116 were active in the period 1989-2002, including 31 in 2002. There were five wars in 2002. Both numbers were the lowest for this period. Seven interstate-armed conflicts were recorded 1989-2002, of which one was still active in 2002. In 2002, a larger proportion of complex major armed conflicts were resolved, compared with new and minor armed conflicts. Although the data on armed conflict presented here suggest that there is a decline in the use of armed force, there is an increased feeling of fear and insecurity in many parts of the world because of terrorism incidents.

In 2002, there were 21 major armed conflicts in 19 locations throughout the world. The number of major armed conflicts & the number of conflict locations in 2002 were lower than in 2001, when there were 24 major armed conflicts in 22 locations. The conflict between India & Pakistan continued to be the only active interstate conflict. The vast majority of the conflicts in 2002 occurred in Africa & in Asia. In the 13-year post-Cold War period, there were 58 different major armed conflicts in 46 different locations. The number of major armed conflicts in 2002 was the lowest since 1998. 3 Tables, 1 Figure, 1 Appendix. Adapted from the source document.

In the period 1946-2001, there were 225 armed conflicts and 34 of them were active in all of or part of 2001. Armed conflict remains a serious problem in the post-Cold War period. For three decades, the Correlates of War project has served as the main supplier of reliable data used in longitudinal studies of external and internal armed conflict. The COW datasets on war use the relatively high threshold of 1,000 battle-deaths. The Uppsala dataset on armed conflict has a lower threshold, 25 annual battle-deaths, but has so far been available for only the post-Cold War period. This dataset has now been backdated to the end of World War II. This article presents a report on armed conflict based on this backdate as well as another annual update. It presents the procedures for the backdating, as well as trends over time and breakdowns for the type of conflict. It assesses the criteria for measuring armed conflict and discusses some directions for future data collection in this area.

Contributions: F.G. and K.C. conceived and designed the project; K.C. acted as the principal investigator; P.H., M.E, M.G., Women's Health Initiative organized patient recruitment and sample collection; F.G. and W.H. analyzed the data; W.H., M.G., P.H., K.C. contributed to data interpretation; F.G. and K.C. wrote the manuscript with input from all authors. All authors approved of the final manuscript. Acknowledgements: This work was financed by the Swedish Research Council (Grant 2018-02547), the Swedish Cancer Society (grants CAN 2016/684 and 2013/469), the Cancer Society in Stockholm (Grant 141092), the Stockholm County Council (Grant No. LS 1211–1594), and the Karolinska Institutet's Research Foundation (Grant 2018-02146). The KARMA study is supported by the Märit and Hans Rausing Initiative Against Breast Cancer and the Cancer and Risk Prediction Center (CRisP), a Linnaeus center (grant 70867902) financed by the Swedish Research Council. F.G. was a Leopoldina Postdoctoral Fellow (Grant No. LPDS 2018-06) funded by the Academy of Sciences Leopoldina. W.H. was supported by the Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare (FORTE, 2018-00877). We thank Dr. Johanna Holm for her valuable contribution to the manuscript. Genotyping of the OncoArray was principally funded by three sources: the PERSPECTIVE project, funded by the Government of Canada through Genome Canada and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the Ministère de l'Économie, de la Science et de l'Innovation du Québec through Genome Québec, and the Quebec Breast Cancer Foundation; the National Cancer Institute Genetic Associations and Mechanisms in Oncology (GAME-ON) initiative and Discovery, Biology and Risk of Inherited Variants in Breast Cancer (DRIVE) projects (National Institutes of Health [NIH] grants U19 CA148065 and X01HG007492); and Cancer Research UK (C1287/A10118 and C1287/A16563). Genotyping of the iCOGS array was funded by the European Union (HEALTH-F2-2009-223175); Cancer Research UK (C1287/A10710), the Canadian ...