Suchergebnisse

RésuméDurant les quinze dernières années, on a assisté à la publication de très nombreux ouvrages sur l'histoire politique hispano-américaine du XIXe siècle. Ce regain d'intérêt, grâce à l'impulsion du renouvellement méthodologique et conceptuel du politique, a amené les historiens à remettre en cause l'ancienne interprétation selon laquelle l'indépendance et ses idéaux politiques avaient été trahis par lescaudillos. Les recherches récentes tendent au contraire à souligner le poids de la légalité libérale à l'intérieur des nouveaux espaces politiques. Après un examen rapide des contributions sur l'absolutisme et l'indépendance, l'essai se concentre sur trois questions fondamentales qui traversent les itinéraires les plus importants de l'historiographie de ces dernières années : la citoyenneté politique et la formation de la nation, la violence et les guerres, l'institutionnalisation de l'État.

This article studies the language, ideas and political models of the Quito elite in the formative period of the two earlier «juntas». In particular, the ideal of a «mixed government» inspired by various schools of thought such as scholasticism, natural law, and the republican tradition of the Renaissance and the modern period. This is, in our opinion, what explains the special nature of the 1812 constitutions and its two dimensions: monarchical and republican. ; Se estudian aquí el lenguaje, las ideas y los modelos políticos de la elite quiteña en la época de la formación de las dos primeras juntas. Se muestra su ideal de un gobierno mixto con raíces muy variadas que van de la escolástica y del iusnaturalismo a la tradición republicana renacentista y moderna. Se explica así la particularidad de la Constitución de 1812, a la vez monárquica y republicana.

Abstract
It has been shown that the total or partial lack of visual experience is associated with a plastic reorganization at the brain level, more prominent in congenital blind. Cortical thickness (CT) studies, to date involving only adult subjects, showed that only congenital blind have a thicker cortex than age-matched sighted population while late blind do not. This was explained as a deviation from the physiological mechanism of initial neural growth followed by a pruning mechanism that, in congenital blind children, might be reduced by their visual deprivation, thus determining a thicker cortex. Since those studies involved only adults, it is unknown when these changes may appear and whether they are related to impairment degree. To address this question, we compared the CT among 28 children, from 2 to 12 years, with congenital visual impairments of different degree and an age-matched sighted population. Vertex-wise analysis showed that blind children, but not low vision one, had a thicker cortical surface in few clusters located in occipital, superior parietal, anterior-cingular, orbito-frontal, and mesial precentral regions. Our data suggest that the effect of visual impairment on determining thicker cortex is an early phenomenon, is multisystemic, and occurs only when blindness is almost complete.