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Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that affects up to 1.2% of children and adolescents. The treatment options for childhood psoriasis are often based on the same principles as in adults. However, most data on safety and efficacy derive from adult studies, and only a few of the frequently used treatments have achieved approval for use in children. The aim of this study was to review the current literature on off-label treatments for psoriasis in children and adolescents. We searched PubMed and identified 50 studies on off-label treatments. Of these, 23 studies were clinical trials (four randomized). There are only a small number of available studies on off-label treatments for children and adolescents with psoriasis, and many of these are retrospective reviews with few participants. Despite the current lack of studies, we still recommend the use of unapproved treatments since we have clinical experience with treatments such as topical corticosteroids, vitamin D analogs, and methotrexate that have shown promising effects. Regular clinical trials are needed to investigate the safety and efficacy of unapproved treatments. Due to The Pediatric Investigation Plans issued by The European Union, new drugs developed by pharmaceutical companies are required to undergo clinical trials in a pediatric population to get their application for marketing authorization processed. This will hopefully lead to much more data on the efficacy and safety of the new treatments, including treatments for children and adolescents with psoriasis.

ABSTRACTDespite decades of scientific scrutiny, much is still unknown about the effects that brands have on perception. Brands are known to lead to changes in attention and mnemonic processing and by altering emotional preferences they imbue products with value. Less, however, is known about the exact mechanism through which this occurs. Here, a novel and unexpected finding is provided in which subjective brand preference alters the likelihood that a brand name will be consciously seen. By presenting brand names at brief durations, and having them respond using a graded evaluation of conscious perception, the Perception Awareness Scale, it is found that brand names for which there is either a positive and negative preference, subjects report seeing the name more clearly. Interestingly, and much to the contrary of studies of basic emotions, this effect is strongest for positive preference. Our results are discussed in light of other studies in consumer psychology and consciousness science. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Reviews: Michael A. Jochim: A Hunter-Gatherer Landscape. Southwest Germany in the Late Paleolithic and Mesolithic (by Berit V. Eriksen)Hjermind, M. Iversen & H. Krongaard Kristensen (eds.): Viborg Søndersø 1000-1300. Byarkæeologiske undersøgelser 1981 og 1984-85 (by Hans Skov)Anne Nørgård Jørgensen & Birthe L. Clausen ( eds.): Military Aspects of Scandinavian Society in a European Perspective (by Mikael Dahlgren)

"Det Konservative Folkeparti kan i ar fejre deres 100-ars jubilAeum som parti. Og umiddelbart lever konservatismen i bedste velgaende: Konservative debattorer ytrer sig ivrigt i medierne, og konservatismen markerer sig i den politiske offentlighed. Men virkeligheden er en anden. Partiet er splittet og star reelt midt i en tillidskrise, ligesom mange iagttagere mener, at det har mistet politisk fodfAeste. Det ser vi fx, nar Soren Pape onsker at give partiet en hojredrejning, selvom det reelt kun er fa ar siden, at den tidligere partiformand vendte sig mod midten.Denne interne splittelse er dog langtfra ny. Allerede i mellemkrigstiden oplevede partiet stAerke brydninger, tvivlede pa de liberale vAerdier og var uenige om, hvilken vej de skulle ga.Konservatisme i mellemkrigstiden er historien om mellemkrigstidens splittelse hos de konservative. Om en tid, hvor der var modstridende holdninger til, hvad konservatisme skulle vAere, og hvor kimen blev lagt til den moderne konservatisme, vi kender i dag."--

By exploring the ways in which inequality has been represented in neoliberal ideology and how neoliberal views of inequality have changed, this article illuminatessome essential discrepancies and contradictory beliefs in the neoliberal thoughtcollective. The paper argues that the views of inequality underwent fundamentalchanges from the early neoliberals of the interwar period to the later neoliberals ofthe post-War era. These changes are in part understood by different conceptions ofliberty, the relation between the state and the market, and beliefs about the publicinterest. The early neoliberals problematized the relation between inequality andpower, which they saw as a potential threat to the credibility of the fundamentalfreedom rights upholding the democratic society. This changed with the late neoli-berals, for whom inequality became a value in itself, connected to liberal notionsof competition, diversity, and progress. Inequality was now to be celebrated, repre-sented, and measured as a sign of the free society and the well-functioning market.

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that affects up to 1.2% of children and adolescents. The treatment options for childhood psoriasis are often based on the same principles as in adults. However, most data on safety and efficacy derive from adult studies, and only a few of the frequently used treatments have achieved approval for use in children. The aim of this study was to review the current literature on off-label treatments for psoriasis in children and adolescents. We searched PubMed and identified 50 studies on off-label treatments. Of these, 23 studies were clinical trials (four randomized). There are only a small number of available studies on off-label treatments for children and adolescents with psoriasis, and many of these are retrospective reviews with few participants. Despite the current lack of studies, we still recommend the use of unapproved treatments since we have clinical experience with treatments such as topical corticosteroids, vitamin D analogs, and methotrexate that have shown promising effects. Regular clinical trials are needed to investigate the safety and efficacy of unapproved treatments. Due to The Pediatric Investigation Plans issued by The European Union, new drugs developed by pharmaceutical companies are required to undergo clinical trials in a pediatric population to get their application for marketing authorization processed. This will hopefully lead to much more data on the efficacy and safety of the new treatments, including treatments for children and adolescents with psoriasis.

Morten B Haulrig,1 Claus Zachariae,1,2 Lone Skov1,2 1Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, DK-2900, Denmark; 2Copenhagen Research Group for Inflammatory Skin (CORGIS), Hellerup, DenmarkCorrespondence: Morten B HaulrigDepartment of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 15, DK-2900, DenmarkTel +45 38 67 31 32Fax +45 38 67 71 18Email Morten.bahrt.haulrig@regionh.dkAbstract: Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that affects up to 1.2% of children and adolescents. The treatment options for childhood psoriasis are often based on the same principles as in adults. However, most data on safety and efficacy derive from adult studies, and only a few of the frequently used treatments have achieved approval for use in children. The aim of this study was to review the current literature on off-label treatments for psoriasis in children and adolescents. We searched PubMed and identified 50 studies on off-label treatments. Of these, 23 studies were clinical trials (four randomized). There are only a small number of available studies on off-label treatments for children and adolescents with psoriasis, and many of these are retrospective reviews with few participants. Despite the current lack of studies, we still recommend the use of unapproved treatments since we have clinical experience with treatments such as topical corticosteroids, vitamin D analogs, and methotrexate that have shown promising effects. Regular clinical trials are needed to investigate the safety and efficacy of unapproved treatments. Due to The Pediatric Investigation Plans issued by The European Union, new drugs developed by pharmaceutical companies are required to undergo clinical trials in a pediatric population to get their application for marketing authorization processed. This will hopefully lead to much more data on the efficacy and safety of the new treatments, including treatments for children and adolescents with psoriasis.Keywords: psoriasis, unapproved treatment, childhood, adolescents

Tillid er ikke længere kun et spørgsmål, der har akademisk interesse. I stigende grad er det også blevet et emne, der har politikere og meningsdanneres bevågenhed. Tillid er endda blevet et politisk mål. I denne politiske diskussion ses den danske befolknings høje niveau af såvel gensidig tillid som institutionel tillid ofte som et resultat af en fælles historie og homogen kultur. Med regeringsgrundlaget
"Danmark 2020" som eksempel forsøger artiklen at levere en teoretisk funderet kritik af denne fremherskende forståelse. Artiklen demonstrerer, at perspektivet om moraldannende fællesskaber privilegerer en bestemt forståelse af tillid – og underspiller eller overser helt centrale aspekter ved tillidsfænomenet: Det gælder således spørgsmålet om, hvilke grupper i samfundet, der erfarer, at deres interesser er indbefattede i andres interesser. Det gælder spørgsmålet om samfundsinstitutioners evne og kapacitet til at reducere sårbarhed og usikkerhed, og det gælder spørgsmålet om adgang til og kontrol over forskellige former for ressourcer, der kan fungere som en baggrund af sikkerhed at falde tilbage på. Artiklens afsluttende pointe er, at en for ensidig fokusering på betydningen af moral er forbundet med en vis risiko for, at mistilliden mellem samfundets "ingroups" og dets
"outgroups" kan blive forstærket.


ENGELSK ABSTRACT:

Lars Skov Henriksen: Trust – a Question of Moral Values?

Trust is no longer exclusively an academic concern. There has been increasing interest in the concept on the part of politicians, opinion makers and the general public. A high level of trust has become a political goal in Denmark. There is general agreement that high levels of social and institutional trust are embedded in historical experience and common national culture. This article analyses a Danish government document, "Danmark 2020", to develop a critical discussion of the widespread idea that trust arises when a community shares a set of moral values. This turns out to be only a partial explanation. The article explores three alternative theoretical ideas. The first is that trust is based on an expectation that the "truster's" interests will be taken seriously by the trustee. The second explores the importance of institutions and their capacity to reduce risk and uncertainty. And the third discusses the influence of power, capital, resources and social position for the possibilities of running the risk of trusting someone. The article ends on a critical note, warning that a too strong focus on morality as the basis for trust has the potential to increase conflicts between society's in-groups and its out-groups.

Key words: Trust, moral, encapsulated interests, risk, uncertainty, institutions.