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This article aims to discuss the role humour plays in politics, particularly in a media environment overflowing with user-generated video. We start with a genealogy of political satire, from classical to Internet times, followed by a general description of "the Hitler meme," a series of videos on YouTube featuring footage from the film Der Untergang and nonsensical subtitles. Amid video-games, celebrities, and the Internet itself, politicians and politics are the target of twenty-first century caricatures. By analysing these videos we hope to elucidate how the manipulation of images is embedded in everyday practices and may be of political consequence, namely by deflating politicians' constructed media image. The realm of image, at the centre of the Internet's technological culture, is connected with decisive aspects of today's social structure of knowledge and play. It is timely to understand which part of "playing" is in fact an expressive practice with political significance.

This article aims to discuss the role humour plays in politics, particularly in a media environment overflowing with user-generated video. We start with a genealogy of political satire, from classical to Internet times, followed by a general description of "the Hitler meme," a series of videos on YouTube featuring footage from the film Der Untergang and nonsensical subtitles. Amid video-games, celebrities, and the Internet itself, politicians and politics are the target of twenty-first century caricatures. By analysing these videos we hope to elucidate how the manipulation of images is embedded in everyday practices and may be of political consequence, namely by deflating politicians' constructed media image. The realm of image, at the centre of the Internet's technological culture, is connected with decisive aspects of today's social structure of knowledge and play. It is timely to understand which part of "playing" is in fact an expressive practice with political significance.

This article aims to discuss the role humour plays in politics, particularly in a media environment overflowing with user-generated video. We start with a genealogy of political satire, from classical to Internet times, followed by a general description of "the Hitler meme," a series of videos on YouTube featuring footage from the film Der Untergang and nonsensical subtitles. Amid video-games, celebrities, and the Internet itself, politicians and politics are the target of twenty-first century caricatures. By analysing these videos we hope to elucidate how the manipulation of images is embedded in everyday practices and may be of political consequence, namely by deflating politicians' constructed media image. The realm of image, at the centre of the Internet's technological culture, is connected with decisive aspects of today's social structure of knowledge and play. It is timely to understand which part of "playing" is in fact an expressive practice with political significance.

On the centenary of his birth, this book re-examines the work of Jacques Ellul, presenting current debates based on his insights, discussing his diagnosis of modern society, exploring issues he saw as vital and addressing the duality of reason and revelation.

Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- The Portuguese Empire: An Introduction -- A Portuguese Empire in the Seas of Asia -- A Portuguese Empire in the Atlantic -- The Dismemberment of the Empire Under the French Invasions -- A Portuguese Empire in Africa -- The African Empire Under the First Republic and the Estado Novo -- The End of the Imperial Cycle -- Media and the Portuguese and British Empires: Themes in Comparative Perspective -- Media Developments in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries -- Themes -- Language and Print -- Development of Colonial Journalism and Press Networks -- Empire, Propaganda and Censorship -- Decolonisation, Nationalism and the Media -- An Overview of the Colonial Media in the Context of the Portuguese Empire -- From Prohibition to Obligation -- Production, Distribution and Censorship of the Printed Press -- Telegraph, Cinema and Radio -- The Languages of the Goan Periodical Press, 1820–1933 -- The Catholic Press and the Creation of the Goan Public Sphere -- Between India and Portugal: The Affirmation of Catholic Elites -- The Hindu Community and its Language Policy -- The Bilingualism of the Hindu Press -- Conclusion -- The Press and Portuguese-British Relations at the Time of the British 'Ultimatum' -- 11 January 1890 -- Press and Ideology -- The 'Ultimatum' in the Press -- Conclusion -- Republicanism and Nationalism in Angola in the Late Nineteenth Century -- 'The Control of History' -- The Pioneers -- The Republican Press of the 'Sons of the Country' -- O Pharol do Povo -- O Futuro d'Angola -- Arauto Africano -- O Desastre -- The Portuguese Republican Press in Angola -- Conclusion -- The First Stirrings of Anti-Colonial Discourse in the Portuguese Press -- The Opposition to Portuguese Colonialism and the Defence of the Rights of African Negroes

This article aims to discuss the role humour plays in politics, particularly in a media environment overflowing with user-generated video. We start with a genealogy of political satire, from classical to Internet times, followed by a general description of "the Downfall meme," a series of videos on YouTube featuring footage from the film Der Untergang and nonsensical subtitles. Amid video-games, celebrities, and the Internet itself, politicians and politics are the target of such twenty-first century caricatures. By analysing these videos we hope to elucidate how the manipulation of images is embedded in everyday practices and may be of political consequence, namely by deflating politicians' constructed media image. The realm of image, at the centre of the Internet's technological culture, is connected with decisive aspects of today's social structure of knowledge and play. It is timely to understand which part of "playing" is in fact an expressive practice with political significance.

Presentation José Manuel Robles Abstract of Information and American Democracy. Cambridge University Press, 2003 Bruce Bimber From Regimes to Ecologies: Globalizing Bruce Bimber's Model of Information and Politics Steven Livingston Internet, new forms of power and democracy José Luís Garcia Internet: A Technological Tool and Changes in Political Power Liu Gang Information and American Democracy in the era of web 2.0 Lorenzo Mosca What Comes Next?: Bimber's Information Revolutions and Institutional Disruptions David Karpf Online Political Information and Online Political Participation José Manuel Robles Digital Media and Political Change: A Response to Garcia, Karpf, Livingston, Liu, Mosca, and Robles Bruce Bimber ; Presentation José Manuel Robles Abstract of Information and American Democracy. Cambridge University Press, 2003 Bruce Bimber From Regimes to Ecologies: Globalizing Bruce Bimber's Model of Information and Politics Steven Livingston Internet, new forms of power and democracy José Luís Garcia Internet: A Technological Tool and Changes in Political Power Liu Gang Information and American Democracy in the era of web 2.0 Lorenzo Mosca What Comes Next?: Bimber's Information Revolutions and Institutional Disruptions David Karpf Online Political Information and Online Political Participation José Manuel Robles Digital Media and Political Change: A Response to Garcia, Karpf, Livingston, Liu, Mosca, and Robles Bruce Bimber

Taking into account the course of cultural policy in democratic Portugal, and against the backdrop of the international crisis of 2008 and the sovereign debt crisis of 2011, this article seeks to interpret recent changes in the cultural sector in Portugal. Using both qualitative and quantitative methods it focuses on three main aspects: institutionalisation of democratic cultural policy; government funding; cultural organizations and facilities. The 2008 crisis put an end to a period in which investment tended to grow. We place Portugal in the broader European context, concluding that the Portuguese cultural scene may once again diverge from that of other European countries.