Suchergebnisse

Des organismes de formation professionnelle ainsi qu'un consensus sur l'importance de la formation préexistaient à la montée du chômage. Leur existence même détermine les réponses apportées par les pouvoirs publics à l'urgence du problème du chômage. L'auteur analyse les difficultés de la mise en place de politiques de formation efficaces et les transformations des objectifs initiaux à partir des nouvelles contraintes qui pèsent sur les différents acteurs, et notamment sur l'A.N.P.E.

Partisan constraints on the local elected representative' trade.
Philippe Garraud [113-126].
If one is to avoid the generalities about the «nationalization» of local political life, it does not seem very relevant to consider globally party constraints on local elected representative's trade. These must be apprehended in context, within the frame of concrete political spheres which are the arenas for the competition. The structure of the political game which then appears is conditioned as much by occupied teritorial positions and internai stakes within political personnel as by the party struggle. The notion of political party or party identification are therefore of little value in themselves when one seeks to explain the permanence of complex local political games and not the resistance. It is preferable to replace it with the notion of political enterprises if one is to better understand internai oppositions that are as determining than external rivalries.

Untersuchung zur Entwicklung des Auswahlprozesses in Frankreich für die auf lokaler Ebene gewählten Vertreter, z.B Bürgermeister. Politische "Ämtervererbung" und Kooptationsmechanismen ermöglichen einen Prozeß der "internen Reproduktion"; Eigenheiten und Unterschiede der politischen Gruppierungen verwischen sich zusehends. Unter Gesichtspunkten der sozioprofessionellen Zuordnung nimmt die Vielfalt ab, die Kluft zur Aktiv-Bevölkerung wächst. Parteipolitische Aktivität wird entscheidendes Kriterium für eine Kandidatur. Hinsichtlich der Altersstruktur ist eine Nivellierung zu beobachten. Als weitere Probleme werden Tendenzen zur Ämterhäufung und Kumulation politischer Funktionen festgestellt. (AuD-Hng)

Summary in English. Examines characteristics of French mayors, including discussion of political heredity, social and occupational background, and degree of participation in party politics.

In one focuses on the itineraries leading to a mayor's office, there appear signs that can be interpreted as showing a differentiation between the political personnel and other social strata. On the one hand, political heredity and cooptation mechanisms give birth to a process of internal reproduction. On the other hand, certain features of specific political families seem to be fading. The diversity of social-projessional recruitment seems to be diminishing while the gap is growing with the structure of the active population. Party militantism seems to become general and indispensable for those who wish to run for elective office. From left to right, one can observe a levelling off of âge at first election. The question thus arises of the selection of political personnel undergoing a process of homogenization. Moreover, an appropriation of elected terms and an interpenetration of the various fractions of political personnel can be observed. Holding more thon one office and, more generally, political functions indicates a complementary process of integration.

Faced with the particular problem of youth unemployment, the French government designed and since 1981 has implemented a policy which seeks to achieve the social and professional integration of youngsters excluded from the educational system. This policy has had only limited effects in terms of skill acquisition as well as employment. Several hypotheses, complementary rather than contradictory, can be considered. The first questions the real goal of the operation and conceives it as a symbolic policy aimed essentially at acting on the number of young unemployed officially counted. The second considers the operation as a policy badly thought out and implemented hurriedly, which does not take into account internal as well as external constraints and the action logics of the actors. The third focuses on the regulation mechanisms which structured the system of action. The low capacity of government action is then considered to be the outcome of the convergent strategies of the main actors in the operation.

Summary in English p. 598.

POLITIQUE ÉLECTRO-NUCLÉAIRE ET MOBILISATION, par PHILIPPE GARRAUD
Bien que la lutte antinucléaire soit partiellement de nature politique, au sens où elle engage de la part de certains de ses animateurs des représentations des choix collectifs touchant aux orientations générales de la société, elle n'a pas réussi à s'insérer durablement dans le champ politique. Cela tient, d'une part, à la conception « basiste » du mouvement antinucléaire qui a cru possible de s'opposer localement aux implantations nucléaires, en ignorant les lieux réels de pouvoir. Cela tient, d'autre part, au fait que les principales organisations politiques et syndicales n'ont pas pris en charge l'opposition totale au nucléaire dans la mesure où cette opposition remettait en cause les valeurs de progrès et de croissance auxquelles ces organisations sont profondément attachées. Cela tient, enfin, à la conjoncture politique : à partir de 1975, et le développement de la crise économique, le problème nucléaire ne peut être que relégué au second plan par les problèmes d'emploi, de chômage et de niveau de vie.
[Revue française de science politique XXIX (3), juin 1979, pp. 448-474.]