Suchergebnisse

Discusses women's rights as an international issue, in light of establishment of a Sub-Commission on the Status of Women within the United Nations and debate on women's rights in terms of human rights. Summary in English p. 203.

Women in International Relations in the 20th Century, by Françoise Gaspard
Women were for a long time missing from the history of international relations. In this respect, the 20th century stands out, at best, as a late reorientation of a phenomenon which reach a peak in the 19th century. In France, the creation of the ENA, in 1945, started the beginning of a new era, by allowing women to reach high positions in the administration. But it was necessary to wait until 1972 for a French woman to be made an ambassador. On the international scene, from 1946 onward, the rights of women have been progressively recognized, thanks to the UN. But an equality gender policy is still to be fully implemented. Even though many agreements proclaim it, few States, even in the West, make the effort to respect it.

The International Challenges of Parity, by Françoise Gaspard
Parity, that is, power-sharing between women and men in the public — and notably political - domain, is a new demand. In civil society the concept of parity has been spread by non-governmental organizations (NGOs). However, it is interesting to note that it first emerged in supranational institutions as a new challenge for democracy.

L'histoire et l'analyse des mots assimilation, insertion,
intégration dans le discours politique et administratif des années 1981 à 1991. Une histoire en forme de chassé-croisé : à chaque mot son camp, à chaque moment son mot ; mais aussi des échanges et des emprunts d'un camp à un autre. Avec, au centre de ce débat sémantique, la place des étrangers et des immigrés au sein de la société.

Front national (FN). Presents and analyzes election results.

An Immigration Issue in France ?
It is odd that immigration should be an issue of the 1980s since there has been very little of it for over 10 years. France has never wanted to consider herself as open to permanent settlement and the authorities have long kept up the illusion that immigrant labourers are temporary guests who will return abroad. The 1974 immigration ban changed migration patterns ; new arrivais were family members and not labourers. Government policy promoting reunification of immigrant families appeared as a standing refutation of any immigration ban or 'go home bonus'. Then folio wed general misunderstanding of 1981 governmental change and of policy aimed at securing permanent status for illegal aliens and civic integration, ail leading to xenophobic rabble-rousing, which in fact reflects French fears of impending change in the next decade. Thus, immigrants both reveal and shoulder the profound crisis currently affecting French society.