In: Alcohol and alcoholism: the international journal of the Medical Council on Alcoholism (MCA) and the journal of the European Society for Biomedical Research on Alcoholism (ESBRA), Band 49, Heft 3, S. 343-348
Data collected from interviews with new landowners in KwaZulu-Natal in 1999 show that households on four government-assisted projects had less tenure security than households that acquired land via private transactions. Households in government-assisted projects also used less agricultural credit and had less liquidity and less wealth. The probability of households using agricultural credit increased with more secure tenure, more household wealth (number of durable goods), higher liquidity and higher levels of household education. It is recommended that more emphasis be placed on redistributing land through the private market and encouraging the creation of management committees or joint enterprises to utilise the land settled by large groups of beneficiaries. This would be a first step towards making tenure more secure, most notably in the government land reform projects. More secure tenure would improve the creditworthiness of emerging farmers, thereby creating incentives for investing in improvements and complementary inputs to raise agricultural performance. (Dev South Afr/DÜI)
This is a conference paper. ; During the water decade of 1980-90, water programs evolved from purely engineering solutions through to more integrated approaches, encompassing health, community management, livelihood improvement, and social development aims. With rapidly improving participatory methodologies in the nearly 1990s, it has become even more possible and necessary to design water projects not in terms of specific technologies or prearranged management systems, but in terms of a process of dialogue between project implementors, residents, government, and other stakeholders. In this sense, we see water programs as being increasingly shaped by social development methods and objectives. Particularly prominent are issues related to the empowerment of the poor and marginalized. Since 1992, CARE International has been working in peri-urban settlements in Zambia, in a variety of mutually-reinforcing project interventions, such as infrastructure improvements and micro-finance. This paper explores one particular experience, the establishment of a community-managed water supply scheme in Chipata compound, an unplanned, low income settlement of 45,000 residents on the northern outskirts of the capital, Lusaka. Through this case, we wish to outline some of the key methods used to empower residents to manage water projects, and reflect particularly on the challenges of community institution building and the complex institutional linkages in an urban setting.
Vorgestellt werden die Ergebnisse eines Zensus, der alle 1997 in Kwazulu Natal erfolgten Farmland-Transaktionen erfaßt. Insgesamt sind 373.000 ha oder 7% des zur Verfügung stehenden Landes an neue Eigentümer transferiert worden. Nur 0,43% dieses Landes gingen jedoch an benachteiligte (schwarze) Bevölkerungsgruppen, der weitaus größere Teil an neue weiße Eigentümer. Der Eigentumsübergang hat seit 1995 dramatisch zugenommen. Private Transaktionen betrafen wertvolleres Land als Landkäufe mit Hilfe von Regierungssubventionen und machten deshalb wertmäßig den weitaus größeren Teil der Eigentumsübertragungen aus. Frauen waren bei den Transaktionen aufgrund von Erbschaft gut vertreten, aber unterrepräsentiert bei mit Hypothekarkrediten finanzierten Eigentumswechseln. Im allgemeinen erwarben Frauen kleinere Farmeinheiten und Land geringerer Qualität als Männer. (DÜI-Hlb)
AbstractGovernments are an important source of funding for the nonprofit and voluntary sector. Yet, the use of funding instruments is conditioned by the political and institutional context. This paper proposes three financing models – charity, welfare state and citizenship – which capture the link between the choice of public financing and the broader institutional context. The financing models are then used to examine the evolution of funding patterns in Canada. We argue that the evolution of financing models in Canada has gradually constrained instrument choice and more importantly, a market-oriented application of funding instruments has dominated the financing debates at the expense of a broader focus on preconditions of applying the instruments effectively. As a result, funding instruments in Canada are poorly suited for fostering innovation and investing in capacity development in the voluntary sector.