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Background - The functioning of the American elections has a subtle political and social ring that resonates around the world but the concern regarding its proper functioning has been exacerbated by the 2016 election and the rise of President Donald Trump. Objective - The first section of the research paper looks at a few noteworthy difficulties confronting U.S political decisions, including extending party polarization over electrical methodology, the frangibility and vulnerability of historic classified electronic information to hacking and the effect of deregulation of campaign spending, aggravating the absence of definite measures. The second section compares, the political landscape and candidates of the 2016 presidential elections with respect to various variables that laid the foundation for the 2016 election along the French, Austrian, and German election. The paper also covers practical reforms tailored to strengthen electoral laws by improving the freedom and upholding the professional standard in election management by continuous social evaluation of candidates as social media is becoming an infectious ground for populist political moments. Data - The data is collected from the American government's website for national statistics and the election data for Austria France, and Germany is collected from the national statistics website of the European Union. The data is analysed in R.Studio and Python.Conclusion - The political ideology of Machiavelli's treatise, 'The Prince' is compared with the rise of Trump with respect to Christian morality in politics. Stress has been laid, on the rhetoric of right wing parties and how identity politics shaped the American election and brought the European far right into limelight.

Disinvestment of minority share of PSU have become one of the important medium of raising revenue for the government. The government wanted to reduce its fiscal deficit by doing disinvestment of public sector enterprise. It is believed that operating performance and efficiency of Public sector enterprise gets improved after the post disinvestment period. There are many public sector enterprise whose financial performance got improved after the disinvestment.The prime focus of the study is to examine:Why there is a need for disinvestment of public sector enterprise such as ONGC and IOCL.The impact of disinvestment on the financial and operating performance on pre disinvestment as well as on post disinvestment period. In this study financial performance will be measured e.g. Profitability ratio, efficiency ratio, liquidity ratio, & leverage and ratio for perspective investor. The financial performance will be used to access whether there is any impact of disinvestment on company's performance of Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd. & Indian Oil Corporation Ltd.

Innovative technical advances are now enabling operators to consider development of fields previously identified as uneconomic or marginal. However such projects can still fail to progress since development using a traditional engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) approach does not always meet the required targets for economics, risk and timescale necessary for approval to proceed. This paper will detail how the use of fit-for-purpose production facilities mobilized on a leased, operated and maintained basis now offers an alternative approach to the provision of a field production solution. This approach enables operators to limit their initial set up and infrastructure cost at the front end of a project, to gather additional information on the performance and productivity of their wells and to make a more informed decision on the future of the fields. As a result, operators can keep both their project and capital risk exposure to a minimum. By achieving this production on a fast track basis, revenue from the sale of produced well fluids is generated early. Combined with the low initial cost and lower capital risk of this approach, the economic viability of progressing an asset to full scale production is further enhanced. Based on this sequential investment model, a real option analysis of the overall field development plan can therefore make a project viable, even if the overall net present value (NPV) appears marginal using more traditional methods. In conclusion the research will present technical solutions for the various fields evaluation and production stages of a full field development utilizing the leased facility approach, associated commercial models and case studies for recently completed projects

FDI in India has - in a lot of ways - enabled India to achieve a certain degree of financial stability, growth and development. This money has allowed India to focus on the areas that may have needed economic attention, and address the various problems that continue to challenge the country. India launched a series of progressive economic liberalization policies to overcome the structural defects that has caused the economic crisis in 1991. With these policy changes, foreign direct investment (FDI) into India has increased rapidly since 1992. Foreign direct investment to India increased from a mere $97 million in 1990-91 to $5,526 million in 2004-05 because of institutional restructuring. The study indicates the co-movement and converging behaviour between the two the movement of FDI and GDP. FDI is not closely following the GDP in the initial period but after the year of 1992 it closely converges with movement in the FDI. The FDI inflows attained its peak in the mid of 2007 and the GDP also responded quickly to it and attained its all time hike. The results shows that FDI did not Granger cause GDP but interestingly GDP has Granger cause on FDI. This result shows the inter-relationship between these two variables. An increased domestic economic activity will attract foreign investors to invest in India. Because of the huge population, increased domestic production in various industries, infrastructural facilities, large domestic market would attract foreign investors.

Banking in India is mature in terms of supply, product range and reach-even in rural India through rural banking and remote banking. In terms of quality of assets and capital adequacy, Indian banks are considered to have clean, strong and transparent balance sheets. The present research work analyses the overall financial performance of major private sector banks in India through application of CAMEL Model. Besides it also attempts to compare the performance of these Banks with the help of Composite Ranking Method.

ABSTRACTOil and gas producing industry, which is extractive in nature, involves activities related to acquisition of minerals interests in properties, exploration, development and production of oil and gas. Oil and gas companies consist of many types of activities before it starts its operation in the field. It involves bidding procedure, acquiring mining lease, petroleum exploration license (PEL). It consists of high risk and uncertainties which may cause financial distress for a company. The aforesaid activities are collectively referred to an upstream operation and form the 'Upstream Petroleum industry'. The industry is commonly referred to as the E&P industry.In order to assure the receipt of fair market value for oil and gas asset economic evaluation is performed. Economic evaluation consists of the assessment of oil and gas resources the valuation of resources in the market and the use of evaluation in considering the bid, exchange offer or other action. Full development of all three components of economic evaluation is essential if it is to be successful evaluation. Evaluation process embraces a range of procedures which, when applied to available data leads to an estimation of the right's and property's value. So to quantify the risk and uncertainties a good economic evaluation process is needed. There are many economic evaluation processes. Among the existing economic evaluation processes, which one is the best, is the main motto of our study.The study discusses different method of economic evaluation like Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Net Present Value (NPV), discounted payback period, etc. This report also consist some example on various methods. These methods does not account for risk and uncertainties. A trivial change in predictions alters the whole calculation of profit and loss and may compel the company to be great loser. Now to analyze the risk and uncertainties, Risk analysis is necessary. In this report we have included Sensitive analysis, Decision Tree and Monte Carlo simulation. At the end of the report analysis is broadly given in support of the best method of economic. Key Words: Simulation, Economic Evaluation, Sensitive

Oil & gas industry in India saw the light of the day when oil was struck at Makum near Marherita in Assam in the year 1967. Prior to independence the Oil & Gas industry in India had controlled by international companies. The entire domestic oil production was from one state – Assam which stood at 250,000 tons per annum. This study provides a holistic examination of pricing and Taxation dynamics in India's Petroleum sector. This study mainly highlights the issues related to current practices used by ONGC to determine the prices of crude oil, natural gas & value added products and also the various types of direct and indirect taxed imposed on and paid by the company. Moreover, this study also explain the process of price determination of crude oil , natural gas & value added products.

This research paper particularly talks about two factors, Environment and Sustainability which is a global centric concern. As, India has pledged to achieve Net Zero target emissions by 2070. To achieve such a humongous target, Government of India has introduced various sustainable steps such as launching of Global biofuel alliance that covers majorly renewable sources of energy and ethanol blending.

The emergence of better science around the issue of land use change associated with the production and usage of biofuels cast doubt on the use of first-generation biofuels, made from edible agricultural feedstocks, as a tool to reduce greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. While many countries sought to enter the international biofuels market, and draw on the latest technology to move away from crop based biofuels and into cellulosic and algae-based advanced fuels. By 2015, liquid biofuels had become commonly traded commodities worldwide. The impetus behind biofuels was partially due to novel drivers such as green jobs and the interest in the decarbonization of specific sectors of the economy such as transport, but also to provide countries dependent on oil imports with an alternative to enhance their energy security and create new export opportunities.
In 2015, countries made commitments toward a more environmentally balanced future through the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and now seek to expand policies for low-carbon development after the agreement reached in Paris at COP21. The year also marked a milestone in the bioeconomy, as the point in time when the production of second-generation biofuels (2G) finally took off at commercial scale. Developing countries now face a new set of market opportunities and policy dilemmas to enhance their usage of biomass, which can now be transformed into more valuable products. Developing countries interested in engaging in advanced biofuel markets for the attainment of the SDGs, and as an instrument to meet their commitments under COP21. By carrying out a non-exhaustive mapping of cellulosic ethanol projects and recent policy lessons around the globe.
Next generation biofuels made from non-edible feedstocks, put forward a promising response to the food versus fuel debate. Nevertheless, process improvements have been a key factor in decreasing costs for the industry and allowing market expansion. Historically, the United States of America (US) has had the largest installed capacity for cellulosic ethanol production of deployed second-generation biofuel facilities, followed by China, Canada, European Union (EU) and Brazil, respectively. Projects in these countries vary significantly in their technological approaches and feedstocks used for fuel production, including the use of corn stover, sugarcane bagasse, municipal solid waste, and forestry residues, among others. One common trait is that companies that possess technology and knowledge in the European Union and the United States engage in partnerships to deploy advanced ethanol facilities abroad, for example, the Fuyiang project, which is a cooperation between Italy-based Beta Renewables and Guozhen Group in China.

In the ocean fuel transportation industry, the optimization of bunkering operations depends on price, position, delays from the expected route, and the cost of delays caused by the bunker operations themselves. Despite their potential importance, detailed bunker activity statistics at each port of call (e.g: waiting time, barge capacity, berth, or berth) are not available. A greater hid deviation from the usual method is that the provider, therefore, arrives past due for a bunker mission. The purchaser commonly has a time slot wherein it anchors as much as acquire bunker. If the bunker barge arrives past due, the purchaser can be beneath neath time strain because of closing dates for shipment, which may also reason the purchaser to interrupt the bunker operation earlier than the agreed quantity of bunker is supplied. This is obtainable confined interest from transport businesses and charterers because the fraudulent quantity is thought to be negligible. However, studies have recommended that the aggregated quantity of misplaced bunker is of big value. To screen such conduct we intend to make use of Automatic Identification System (AIS) statistics from bunker barges and numerous vessels they supply.

PurposeDashang refers to a reward given voluntarily to street performers in return for their performance. Some social media platforms have created a way to integrate this as a function, referred to as the dashang feature, to allow users to reward live performers online as well. Over the last few years, this function has become extremely popular among social media users, as it recreates the nostalgic experience of watching street performances. Platforms now consider it indispensable, as it has become a source of substantial revenue (commission on rewards earned by performers). However, not all users reward performers. For each user who pays, there are many more who lurk on the platform. This study examines the reasons for these differences using the Big Five personality perspective and justice theory.Design/methodology/approachWe develop an empirical model using the Big Five theory and justice theory and test it using empirical data collected through a survey of WeChat users.FindingsThe results indicate that distributive justice, interpersonal justice and informational justice are essential factors in relation to social media users' use of the dashang feature. It is also found that personality type affects these three factors.Originality/valueThis study makes three key contributions. First, it examines the factors that influence users' voluntary use of the dashang feature using the lenses of the Big Five theory and justice theory. Second, this study extends previous results on perceived justice to examine use of the dashang feature in social media. Third, this study applies these theories to the study of consumer behavior by exploring the role of user characteristics in social media use.