Suchergebnisse

This is a conference paper. ; Over 65% of the estimated one million people in Somaliland capital city of Hargeisa are currently relying on water trucking from unprotected and poorly maintained water sources around Hargeisa for daily water use and the poorest families spend almost 5 times more than others who have access to main water due to the high price of the trucked water. Hence, the Hargeisa urban water supply upgrading project is currently underway to replace the tumbledown and inadequate water infrastructure that was constructed 1970s to supply what was a city of 180,000 inhabitants. The project is principally funded by the European Union with supplementary fund from the Somaliland Development Fund and World Bank/WSP in partnership with the Hargeisa Water Agency and UN- Habitat. Therefore, this paper is examining the challenges that the poor resourced Hargeisa Water Agency (HWA) will face for managing the improved Hargeisa water supply system beyond the current large-scale water supply upgrading project.

The effects of Fadama III project to the improvement in the income of participating dry season rice farmers inSokoto state was studied. Population of the study comprised of all dry season rice farmers in Sokoto state. Purposivesampling was used to select six Local Government Areas. Purposive sampling was used to ensure the selection ofLGAs with outstanding potentials in the cultivation of dry season crops. Random sampling technique was used toselect 20 project participants and 12 non-project participants from each of the selected LGAs. Descriptive statisticsand gross margin analysis were used for data analysis. Findings of the study revealed that Majority of projectbeneficiaries (71.30%) and non-project beneficiaries (63.38%) did not attain any form of formal education. Cost oflabour (family and hired) dominated the production cost for both the project beneficiaries and non-projectbeneficiaries. Result of the gross margin analysis showed that the project participants made more profit (N319,459.44 Per Hectatre) in dry season rice production compared to N270, 334.61 Per Hectare earned by non-projectparticipants. It was recommended that the Fadama III project should as much as possible expand their area ofoperation so that more farmers can benefit from their services.

The effect of Fadama III project to the improvement in the income of participating dry season onion farmers inSokoto State was studied. Population of the study comprised of all dry season onion farmers in Sokoto State.Purposive sampling was used to select six Local Government Areas, while random sampling technique was usedto select 15 respondents each from the project participants and non-project participants in each of the six LocalGovernment Areas. Descriptive statistics and gross margin analysis were used for data analyses. Findings of thestudy revealed that Majority (63.53% and 76.40%) of project beneficiaries and non-project beneficiariesrespectively did not attain any form of formal education. Cost of fertilizer dominated the production cost for boththe project beneficiaries (46.61%) and non-project beneficiaries (55.99%) of total cost. Result of the gross marginanalysis shows that the project participants made more profit in dry season onion production (₦241, 854.89)compared to the non-project participants (₦63,328.59). It was recommended that Fadama III project should as muchas possible expand their area of operation so that more farmers can benefit from their services.

Suggests that the nascent system of modern country-states as well as the Arab intelligentsia have both failed to comprehend or deal with the ethnic problem head-on. Argues that the way out of the present dilemmas of all Arab states, but especially those with marked ethnic diversity, is a triangular formula of civil society, democracy, and federalism. (Original abstract - amended)

Abstract
The present study, La0.7Sr0.3MO3 (M = Mn-, Co-, and Fe-), perovskite, has successfully been synthesized via co-precipitation and sol–gel auto-combustion. XRD, SEM, and EDX characterized the prepared samples. XRD and SEM showed that the as-prepared La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 and La0.7Sr0.3CoO3 have multiphase. La0.7Sr0.3FeO3, in comparison, is nanosized, has a single-phase perovskite, and has a rather homogenous particle size distribution. Additionally, EDX mapping analysis shows that all pieces are distributed uniformly. According to X-ray diffractometer results, all calcined powders contain 100% LSF, more than 15% perovskite phase of LSC, 47% LSM, and other secondary phases, such as cobalt oxide. Aِt room temperature and magnetic field of ± 20 kG, La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 exhibited weak ferromagnetic behavior in a low magnetic field, whereas diamagnetic behavior was seen in a high magnetic field. La0.7Sr0.3FeO3 samples behave as strong ferromagnetic. On the contrary, the photodegradation of La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 is 99% compared to 75% and 91% for other samples under UVC lights of wavelength = 254 nm. The degradation rate for La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 is 0.179 higher, about 3.25 and 2.23, than the other samples. A La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 nanocomposite performs as a photocatalyst to enhance the efficiency of methylene blue photodegradation. This study boosts good UVC photocatalysts with high efficiency for different kinds of dyes. Hence, the catalyst possessed high stability and efficiency for continuous wastewater treatment.

The main objective of this work is to generalize the concept of fuzzy algebra by introducing the notion of fuzzy algebra. Characterization and examples of the proposed generalization are presented, as well as several different properties of fuzzy algebra are proven. Furthermore, the relationship between fuzzy algebra and fuzzy algebra is studied, where it is shown that the fuzzy algebra is a generalization of fuzzy algebra too. In addition, the notion of restriction, as an important property in the study of measure theory, is studied as well. Many properties of restriction of a nonempty family of fuzzy subsets of fuzzy power set are investigated and it is shown that the restriction of fuzzy algebra is fuzzy algebra too.

A field experiment was conducted at two sites (Baghdad and Wasit Governorates) to evaluate the effects of allelopathic corn residues applied as soil incorporation or mulch, alone and in combination with reduced (50% of recommended dose) rate of trifluralin herbicide on weeds growth and mung bean yield. Conventional soil tillage and zero soil tillage treatments with corn residues were performed, while 50% dose and full dose of trifluralin only (without residues) treatments were included for comparison. Soil incorporation and mulch of corn residues reduced weed density and dry weight biomass and improved yield and yield components of mung bean in both sites. Mulch application was more effective than soil incorporation for weed control. However, the reduction in weed growth and the increase in mung bean yield were below the levels achieved by the label dose of herbicide. Application of 50% dose of trifluralin in plots incorporated or mulched with corn residues reduced weeds and scored yield similar to that achieved by 100% herbicide dose applied in both conventional and zero tillage plots. Chemical analysis revealed the presence of higher phenolics in plots amended with incorporated and mulched corn residues compared to their control plots. Chemical analysis also revealed that the periods of maximum quantities of phenolics paralleled with the periods of maximum suppressive activity against weed tested under field condition, which explains the phytotoxicity of phenolics on weed suppression. Such approach may help in reducing reliance upon high concentrations of trifluralin herbicide, improving the sustainability of agroecosystem, improving environmental safety, mitigating human health risks, and reducing the ability to tolerate herbicides.

The present work was conducted in the fields of Al-Sewarah and Kurkok stations which belong to the State Board of Agricultural Researches, Ministry of Agriculture, Iraq during the growing season of 2018. The goal of the study was to test the effects of the application of cyanobacteria (Anabaena circinalis and Nostoc commune) alone or in combination with reducing the dose of chemical fertilizers (CFs), which consisted of diammonium phosphate (DAP) and urea (46% nitrogen), on growth, yield and yield components of wheat cv. IPA99. Application of 50% and 100% of CFs without cyanobacteria as well as control (without cyanobacteria and CFs) were also included in this study for comparison.
The results indicated that the use of wheat grains coated with compost amended with cyanobacteria, grains coated with compost, and foliar spray with cyanobacteria did not change yield, yield components and most of growth parameters tested in both stations. However, application of 50% CFs along with the treatments that included either the coating of grains with compost amended with cyanobacteria or the foliar spray with cyanobacteria extract resulted in grains yield, yield components, biological yield, harvest index, and test growth parameters similar to those achieved by the recommended dose of CFs. This study suggests that this approach can be applied to reduce the input of chemical fertilizers into the field and thereby reducing the cost and pollution of agroecosystem.

Objectives: To describe the current state of the Community Health Service (CHS), the effect of service on admission and emergency visit rates and the satisfaction among service patients and providers.Methods: This is an analytic study which was conducted in Khamis Mushate Military Hospital during 2008.Results: The total number of patients in CHS program by the end of 2008 was 273 patients. This number increased by 7.7% monthly, the average age of patients was 72.5±19.3 years. The mean duration of care in CHS program was 73.6±36.5 weeks. The total number of visits in 2008 was 3352 visits. Hypertension was the most prevalent health problem among CHS patients (54.9%). The rate of yearly admissions was significantly reduced for patients in CHS program; from 1.51 to 0.83 (p<0.05). However, the reduction in rate of ER visit was not statistically significant. More than 90% of patients reported very good to excellent satisfaction with the service and the team. Long stay patients occupied almost 13.9% of the hospital operation capability in 2008, with estimated cost of 15 million SR.Conclusions: There is an estimated 4 million USD waste of resources on long stay patients. CHS program infrastructure and services need to be upgraded to convoy with progressive increment in patients' number. The cooperation of patients and their families with the service staff and compliance to appointments, advice and treatment is moderate. Most patients are chronic diseases patients and in geriatric age group. This service reduces the admissions rates significantly but not the ER visits frequency. It also increases clients' overall satisfac-tion, although, most of clients are not aware with service true objectives. Job satisfaction is excellent, except for workload and work environment.

The selectorate theory introduces a framework to examine varying political structures, behavior, and systems with a fresh perspective. The theory proclaims that the political survival of a leader relies on a supportive coalition that continuously receives public and/or private payoffs. One revised revision of the selectorate theory elaborates on the classical selectorate model by investigating factors of political survival and regime stability in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and scrutinizing the elements of the recent MENA revolutions, such as the leaders' religious preferences. This study demonstrates that the classical selectorate approach can perfectly satisfy the analysis of MENA transitions. We validated the revised model by showcasing the dynamics of political transition and confirming that selectorate expansion triggered a shift from private to public distribution of goods. Overall, our results were in support of the classical selectorate model and proclaimed religion as a public good, rather than a hindrance.