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Despite frequent changes of name, the con servative party has ruled Japan almost continuously since World War II. During this period a particularly close triangular relationship has developed among government party, bureaucracy and interest groups; organized interests compete with each other in cooperation with their sponsored Diet members and their supporters in the bureaucracy. Since the beginning of the 1960s the tendency towards oligopoly has distributed economic power among organiza tions unequally, and this has been reflected in greater disparities in political influence among stronger and weaker interest groups. Economically strong interest groups, such as those representing big business, do not exercise pressure overtly, whereas weaker organizations must rely on mass lobbying in order to demonstrate how many votes they can control. Moreover, the more powerful interest groups who do not make their demands public are in a more favorable position in the context of Japanese political culture in which insistence on special interests is not considered legitimate. Business groups, for example, always justify their policies as beneficial for the national economy and for rapid economic growth. Recently, however, this national goal has been called into question because of the increasing pollution of the environment and the growing public resentment against oligopoly.

Despite frequent changes of name, the conservative party has ruled Japan almost continuously since WWII. During this period a particularly close triangular relationship has developed among government party, bureaucracy & interest groups; organized interests compete with each other in cooperation with their sponsored Diet members & their supporters in the bureaucracy. Since the beginning of the 1960's the tendency towards oligopoly has distributed economic power among organizations unequally, & this has been reflected in greater disparities in political influence among stronger & weaker interest groups. Economically strong interest groups, such as those representing big business, do not exercise pressure overtly, whereas weaker organizations must rely on mass lobbying in order to demonstrate how many votes they can control. Moreover, the more powerful interest groups who do not make their demands public are in a more favorable position in the context of Japanese political culture in which insistence on special interests is not considered legitimate. Business groups, for example, always justify their policies as beneficial for the national economy & for rapid economic growth. Recently, however, this national goal has been called into question because of the increasing pollution of the environment & the growing public resentment against oligopoly. HA.

The author tries to clarify some characteristics in the context of the intellectual history of Japan with regard to how and what aspects of Max Weber's theories have been introduced by Japanese social scientists. Max Weber's influence on Japan is so great that it is impossible to discuss the whole of it. Accordingly, in this article, the author refers only to a few social scientists who are notable from the viewpoint of some important problems, such as "overcoming modernity,' etc. Some aspects which are peculiar to the interpretation of Weber's theories on Oriental society in Japan are dealt with in relation to the author's interests in the last part of this article.

Als sich Japan in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts immer stärker für westliche Einflüsse öffnete, begann dort auch die Auseinandersetzung mit der europäischen Soziologie und anderen Wissenschaften. In dieser Studie zeichnet Takeshi Ishida detailliert nach, wie japanische Sozialwissenschaftler die westlichen Konzepte übernahmen und verarbeiteten. Ishida schreibt damit die Geschichte einer frühen Phase der intellektuellen Globalisierung - genauer: Glokalisierung. Denn die Japaner adaptierten die Theorien keineswegs eins zu eins. Indem sie sie in ihre Sprache übersetzten, um damit den spezifisch japanischen Weg in die Moderne zu beschreiben, veränderten sie auch die Konzepte.