Suchergebnisse

THIS ARTICLE PROPOSES A DIFFUSION OF RESPONSIBILITY PERSPECTIVE IN ANALYZING POST-WORLD WAR II POLITICS IN THE UNITED STATES. MANY ANALYSTS TEST THE AMERICAN SYSTEM BY A RESPONSIBLE PARTY PERSPECTIVE, PROPOSING REFORMS THAT WILL ORIENT THE SYSTEM TOWARD THE GOALS OF THAT MODEL. DIVIDED GOVERNMENT HAS CHARACTERIZED MUCH OF THE PERIOD SINCE 1945 AND IDENTIFIABLE (AND WHOLLY CONSTITUTIONAL) POLITICS HAS ACCOMPANIED THAT DEVELOPMENT. THE DIFFUSION OF RESPONSIBILITY ALTERNATIVE IS CHARACTERIZED BY A SEPARATED PRESIDENCY, AN EXPANSIVE CONGRESS, COMPETITION BETWEEN THE BRANCHES FOR SHARED POWER, AND, ABSENT A CRISIS, A TENDENCY TOWARD PERPETUATION.

1 An Introduction to Bioenergetics -- 1.1 The Flow of Energy and Materials in Biology -- 1.2 Adenosine 5?-triphosphate (ATP) -- 1.3 Phosphoryl Transfer Reactions -- 1.4 Substrate-Level Phosphorylation -- 1.5 Oxidation — Reduction Reactions -- 1.6 Respiration and Oxidative Phosphorylation -- 2 The Components of the Respiratory Chain -- 2.1 Nicotinamide Nucleotides -- 2.2 Nicotinamide Nucleotide Transhydrogenase -- 2.3 Respiratory Chain Dehydrogenases -- 2.4 Ubiquinone -- 2.5 Cytochromes -- 2.6 The Composition and Reconstitution of the Respiratory Chain -- 2.7 Spectrophotometric Analyses -- 2.8 Bacterial Respiratory Chains -- 2.9 Electron and Hydrogen Transfer -- 3 The Organization and Function of the Coupling Membrane -- 3.1 Mitochondrial Structure and Function -- 3.2 The Organization of the Mitochondrial Energy Conservation System -- 3.3 Mitochondrial Solute Transport -- 3.4 The Morphology and Organization of the Bacterial Coupling Membrane -- 3.5 Bacterial Solute Transport -- 4 Energy Coupling -- 4.1 Energy Coupling Sites -- 4.2 Respiratory Control -- 4.3 Crossover Points -- 4.4 Uncoupling Agents -- 4.5 Phosphorylation Inhibitors -- 4.6 Reversed Electron Transfer -- 4.7 The Energized State -- 5 Mechanisms of Oxidative Phosphorylation -- 5.1 The Chemical Hypothesis -- 5.2 The Chemiosmotic Hypothesis -- 5.3 The Localized Proton Hypothesis -- 5.4 The Conformational Hypothesis -- 5.5 Chemiosmotic, Localized Proton or Conformational Hypothesis? -- Suggestions for Further Reading.

AbstractThe nature of risk and long‐term returns is not fully understood. There is need for a measure of long‐term risk at multiple horizons. Frequency domain digital signal processing, with an additive noise model, tests the random walk hypothesis for individual firm total and idiosyncratic risk at 2‐month to 4‐year periods. All firms have significant 12‐month risk. Monthly effects influence small firms. Large firm total risk and mid‐cap firm idiosyncratic risk are influenced by annual and 8‐year mean reversions. Large firm idiosyncratic risk has 4‐year mean‐reversion risk. Results suggest that single‐period risk is composed of multiple long‐term calendar and non‐calendar‐length variances.