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Through the 1990s hundreds of credit unions were established to serve indebted communities throughout Britain. These volunteer‐run financial co‐operatives did not meet growth expectations because of restrictive legislation, inadequate development models and well‐intentioned but unproductive state intervention. British credit unions are more successful when they develop as market‐oriented social enterprises able to build effective partnerships with banks, government and the private sector to serve low‐income communities.

Populism is a powerful force today, but its full scope has eluded the analytical tools of both orthodox and heterodox 'populism studies'. This book provides a valuable alternative perspective. It reconstructs in detail for the first time the sociological analyses of US demagogues by members of the Frankfurt School and compares these with contemporary approaches. Modern demagogy emerges as a key under-researched feature of populism, since populist movements, whether 'left' or 'right', are highly susceptible to 'demagogic capture'. The book also details the culture industry's populist contradictions - including its role as an incubator of modern demagogues - from the 1930s through to today's social media and 'Trumpian psychotechnics'. Featuring a previously unpublished text by Adorno on modern demagogy as an appendix, it will be of interest to researchers and students in critical theory, sociology, politics, German studies, philosophy and history of ideas, as well as all those concerned about the rise of demagogic populism today

Intro -- Half-title page -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Dedication page -- Contents -- Prologue -- 1 A Fighter From the Start -- 2 An Idyllic Childhood -- 3 1 October 2012 -- 4 The Search -- 5 The Evidence -- 6 Limbo -- 7 Facing the Monster -- 8 Preparing for the Trial -- 9 The Trial -- 10 The Verdict -- 11 The Aftermath -- 12 Downing Street -- 13 The House of Horrors -- 14 April's Final Journey -- 15 One Year On -- 16 Neverending Battles -- Acknowledgements -- Missing People -- April Jones Trust -- List of Illustrations.

Political communication studies has a long tradition of 'crisis talk' regarding the fate of public communication. Now, however, the field itself faces a kind of existential crisis as its core assumptions of 'normal' political communication are daily undermined. This 'liberal normalcy' shares much with orthodoxies in populism studies, most notably a tendency to bracket out demagogic communication, both in historical fascist regimes and democracies. Yet correcting these failings is not simply a matter of rejecting liberal models for left-populist ones. Rather, both fields need to broaden their historical parameters and deepen their theoretical frameworks. The article draws on the Weberian conception of modern demagogy and its revision in the wake of 'modern media' by Shils and Adorno. It further argues that a critical reworking of Hallin and Mancini's media systems approach could benefit both fields. For Hallin and Mancini's socio-historical use of Weberian ideal-typification complements Worsley's never-completed plan for an ideal-typification of modes of populism and demagogic leadership.

Major sociological work related to the culture industry thesis was undertaken by Adorno during his period as a 'refugee scholar' in the USA. It has been charged with a 'sociological deficit' by leading figures within critical theory, typically without reference to that US context. A dialogue with Márkus's work on Adorno and the Marxian production paradigm can redress failings in those critiques. However, such a task is complicated by the limitations of Márkus's own major essay on this topic. This paper thus conducts an immanent critique of Márkus: 'Márkus against Márkus'. Márkus's proposals for the application of the Marxian production paradigm to aesthetic culture and his prospective vision for critical theory are so found to be very compatible with Adorno's related work.