Suchergebnisse

Cover -- Frontispiece: General Lauris Norstad, Supreme Allied Commander, Europe -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Charts -- List of Plates -- Foreword: Dr. Robert O'Neill, Chichele Professor of the History of War, All Souls College, Oxford University -- Acknowledgments -- List of Abbreviations -- PART I ON BECOMING SACEUR -- 1 The End and the Beginning -- I. The End of a Career -- II. Laying the Foundation -- 2 Applying Planning and Operational Skills in North Africa and the Pacific -- I. His First Great Opportunity -- II. The North African Experience -- III. The Twentieth Air Force and Washington -- 3 The Battles for Unification and for Berlin -- I. Separating the Army Air Force from the Army -- II. Unifying the Armed Forces -- III. Berlin: A Testing Ground for the West -- 4 Norstad and the "Grand Strategy" for the Cold War -- I. Contingency planning for Europe -- II. NATO and the Eisenhower Administration's "New Look -- III. Norstad Becomes SACEUR -- PART II ON BEING SACEUR -- 5 Nuclear Weapons for Europe's Defense: Norstad and the Eisenhower Administration -- I. The Introduction of Atomic Warheads into NATO -- II. Norstad's Attempt to Make NATO a "Fourth Nuclear Power -- III. France, De Gaulle, and Norstad -- 6 The 1958-59 Crisis Over Berlin: Putting the Consultative Machinery in Place -- I. Origins of the Crisis and the Initial Response -- II. Norstad's Attempts at Coordinated Planning -- 7 The Berlin Crisis Intensifies -- I. Berlin Contingency Planning and Execution -- II. Issues of Command and Control -- 8 The 1961-62 Berlin Crisis: The Unraveling of a Relationship -- I. A Change in Presidents and a Change in Policy and Strategy -- II. The Erection of the Wall Provides New "Opportunities -- III. Organizational and Policy Responses to the Wall -- 9 The End Nears -- I. The Strains Persist and Intensify.

AbstractThere is a well‐documented link between bilingual language development and the relative amounts of exposure to each language. Less is known about the role of quality indicators of caregiver‐child interactions in bilingual homes, including caregiver input diversity, warmth and sensitivity. This longitudinal study examines the relation between caregiver input (lexical diversity, amount), warmth and sensitivity and bilingual toddlers' subsequent vocabulary outcomes. We video‐recorded caregiver‐child interactions in Spanish‐English Latino homes when toddlers (n = 47) were 18 months of age (M = 18.32 months; SD = 1.02 months). At the 24‐month follow‐up, we measured children's vocabulary as total vocabulary (English, Spanish combined) as well as within language (Spanish, English). Results revealed that Spanish lexical diversity exposure at 18 months from caregivers was positively associated with children's Spanish and total vocabulary scores at 24 months, while English lexical diversity was positively associated with children's English scores; lexical diversity and amount were highly correlated. Additionally, caregivers' warmth was positively associated with children's Spanish, English and total vocabulary scores. Together, these factors accounted for substantial variance (30–40%) in vocabulary outcomes. Notably, caregiver input accounted for more variance in single language outcomes than did caregiver warmth, whereas caregiver warmth uniquely accounted for more variance in total vocabulary scores. Our findings extend prior research findings by suggesting that children's dual language development may depend on their exposure to a diverse set of words, not only amount of language exposure, as well as warm interactions with caregivers. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at https://youtu.be/q1V_7fz5wogHighlights
Video‐recorded observations of caregiver‐child interactions revealed warmth and high sensitivity from Latino caregivers.
Linguistically‐detailed analyses of caregiver input revealed wide variation in the diversity of Spanish and English directed at 18‐month‐old bilingual toddlers.
Bilingual toddlers' vocabulary (single language, total) was positively associated with caregivers' diverse input and warmth, thus extending prior findings on bilinguals' amount of language exposure.
Findings suggest that caregivers' lexical diversity explains more variance in bilingual toddlers' single language outcomes, whereas warmth explains more variance in total vocabulary scores.

Cover Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. The Holt Years -- 2. The Wilcox Years -- 3. The McIntosh Era -- 4. The Birth of Pediatric Subspecialties -- 5. The Modern Era -- 6. Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital.

Furthering social inclusion for marginalised members of society demands advocacy efforts focussed on holistic citizenship. Harnessing compassion, the arts can activate four component elements: narratives, actual stories and voices of members of a society; encounters, opportunities for dialogue among members of a society; reflection, values clarification and self-awareness and community, spaces that allow for creative engagement. This theoretical framework is demonstrated in an 18-month campaign designed to promote social inclusion by decreasing stigma and increasing public awareness of people living with mental illness in Hong Kong. The programme utilised an art exhibition created by people living with mental illness, guided relational viewing art-making workshops for the general public, and collaborative art-making opportunities. Integrating compassion and the arts into the citizenship framework provided participants with opportunities to engage with one another, clarify misconceptions and arrive at meaningful social policy programmatic initiatives.

Childhood maltreatment is a robust risk factor for psychosis, but it remains unclear whether different measurement methods provide equivalent validity in predicting psychotic symptoms. This study compared the predictive validity of two common indices of maltreatment at age 12—children's self-report and Child Protective Services (CPS) reports—on the development of psychotic symptoms at age 18 using data from a large, multisite longitudinal study ( N = 629). Consistent with prior research, agreement was low between indices, with the prevalence of self-reported maltreatment being 2–3 times higher. A quarter of the sample endorsed at least one psychotic symptom at age 18, most commonly delusions. While CPS-indicated maltreatment was generally not associated with later psychotic symptoms, all forms of self-reported maltreatment were. Sexual abuse demonstrated a particularly strong relationship with psychosis, especially hallucinations. These results suggest that self-reports may provide stronger predictive validity than CPS indications of maltreatment in the assessment of psychosis risk, indicating that a child's interpretation of trauma matters more than the traumatic event itself in this regard.

This study developed and validated a measure that captures variation in common local idioms of distress and mental health problems experienced by women in South Sudan, a country which has experienced over 50 years of violence, displacement, and political, social, and economic insecurity. This measure was developed during a randomized controlled trial of the Adolescent Girls Initiative (AGI) and used qualitative Free Listing (n = 102) and Key Informant interviews (n = 27). Internal reliability and convergent validity were assessed using data from 3,137 randomly selected women (ages 14–47) in 100 communities in South Sudan. Test-retest and inter-rater reliability were assessed using responses from 180 women (ages 15–58) who completed the measure once, and 129 of whom repeated the measure an average of 12 days (SD = 8.3) later. Concurrent validity was assessed through the ratings of 22 AGI leaders about the presence or absence of mental health symptoms in the 180 women in the test-retest sample. The study resulted in the development of the South Sudan Mental Health Assessment Scale, a 24-item measure assessing six idioms of distress. The scale consisted of one factor and had excellent internal, test-retest, and interrater reliability. The scale also demonstrated good convergent and concurrent validity and performed well psychometrically. Moreover, its development provides an example for other organizations, working in environments where mental health measures have not yet been developed and validated, to create and validate measures relevant to their populations. In this way, the role of mental health in development settings can be more rapidly assessed.

Evolutionary demographers often invoke tradeoffs between reproduction and survival to explain reductions in fertility during demographic transitions. The evidence for such tradeoffs in humans has been mixed, partly because tradeoffs may be masked by individual differences in quality or access to resources. Unmasking tradeoffs despite such phenotypic correlations requires sophisticated statistical analyses that account for endogeneity among variables and individual differences in access to resources. Here we tested for costs of reproduction using N = 13,663 birth records from the maternity hospital in Basel, Switzerland, 1896–1939, a period characterised by rapid fertility declines. We predicted that higher parity is associated with worse maternal and offspring condition at the time of birth, adjusting for age and a variety of covariates. We used Bayesian multivariate, multilevel models to simultaneously analyse multiple related outcomes while accounting for endogeneity, appropriately modelling non-linear effects, dealing with hierarchical data structures, and effectively imputing missing data. Despite all these efforts, we found virtually no evidence for costs of reproduction. Instead, women with better access to resources had fewer children. Barring limitations of the data, these results are consistent with demographic transitions reflecting women's investment in their own embodied capital and/or the adoption of maladaptive low-fertility norms by elites.

Human-driven environmental change has brought attention to the importance of ecosystems in sustaining human health and well-being. There are various schools of thought and fields of inquiry and action that seek to understand health in relation to linked social and ecological phenomena. We describe 18 such fields and outline common elements and incongruities among them. They converge around the application of systems thinking and crossing disciplinary boundaries, while differences are found in methodologies, research foci and problem framing. Although fields encourage sustainable and equitable pathways for health promotion, depoliticized and ahistorical approaches continue to be standard practice. Future research calls for a deeper commitment to examining ourselves as political actors, making space for conversations around power dynamics, and (re)centering participants in research methodologies.

AbstractTerrestrial microinvertebrates provide important carbon and nutrient cycling roles in soil environments, particularly in Antarctica where larger macroinvertebrates are absent. The environmental preferences and ecology of rotifers and tardigrades in terrestrial environments, including in Antarctica, are not as well understood as their temperate aquatic counterparts. Developing laboratory cultures is critical to provide adequate numbers of individuals for controlled laboratory experimentation. In this study, we explore aspects of optimising laboratory culturing for two terrestrially sourced Antarctic microinvertebrates, a rotifer (Habrotrocha sp.) and a tardigrade (Acutuncus antarcticus). We tested a soil elutriate and a balanced salt solution (BSS) to determine their suitability as culturing media. Substantial population growth of rotifers and tardigrades was observed in both media, with mean rotifer population size increasing from 5 to 448 ± 95 (soil elutriate) and 274 ± 78 (BSS) individuals over 60 days and mean tardigrade population size increasing from 5 to 187 ± 65 (soil elutriate) and 138 ± 37 (BSS) over 160 days. We also tested for optimal dilution of soil elutriate in rotifer cultures, with 20–80% dilutions producing the largest population growth with the least variation in the 40% dilution after 36 days. Culturing methods developed in this study are recommended for use with Antarctica microinvertebrates and may be suitable for similar limno-terrestrial microinvertebrates from other regions.