A critical review of modern approaches in simulation, spatial and theoretical (analytical) mathematical modelling of forest stands, soils and ecosystems with special reference to more promising trends of forest modelling and its practical and theoretical significance in ecologically oriented forestry of the next century.
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This paper studies the application of deep convolutional neural networks for the processing of audio files, particularly for classifying amplitude-frequency characteristics of audio signals. The mapping of audio fragments to each other is reduced to verifying objects by their representation. A large representative sample of audio signals was collected and supplemented with a satisfying Free Music Archive dataset to produce a dataset for training a deep convolutional neural network. The CQT-Net architecture is taken as a predictive model with cosine similarity being used to compare feature vectors. Four types of augmentation, including Gaussian noise, reverberation, change in pitch frequency, and change in tempo of the audio signal, are used to prevent retraining of the predictive model. The verification quality of the predictive model is tested on two separate datasets consisting of 1500 audio recordings excluded from the training dataset. Detection error tradeoff curves are plotted for all datasets, including testing ones with a changed pace and with a changed "pitch." Equal Error Rate is used as a model quality metric. The probability of identification of commonly used distortions of audio signals in the amplitude-frequency domain is evaluated to be higher than 92%. It signifies the reliability of the developed model.
The possibilities are analyzed for studying the yields of reactions 13C(𝛾, 𝑝) 12B, 14N(𝛾, 2𝑝) 12B, 14N(𝛾, 2𝑛) 12N by measuring the induced (12B, 12N)-activity with telescopes of thin Δ𝐸–detector in time intervals between electron accelerator pulses. For production of (12B, 12N)- nuclei and registration of their decay, estimates are given taking into account the parameters of the electron beam, Ta–radiator and irradiated targets made from graphite or NH4NO3, as well as the parameters of scintillation Δ𝐸 detector telescopes made from thin plastic plates.
Austrian Federal Ministry of Science, Research and Economy ; Austrian Science Fund ; Belgian Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique ; Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek ; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) ; Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) ; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) ; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) ; Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science ; CERN ; Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Ministry of Science and Technology ; National Natural Science Foundation of China ; Colombian Funding Agency (COLCIENCIAS) ; Croatian Ministry of Science, Education and Sport ; Croatian Science Foundation ; Research Promotion Foundation, Cyprus ; Secretariat for Higher Education, Science, Technology and Innovation, Ecuador ; Ministry of Education and Research ; Estonian Research Council ; European Regional Development Fund, Estonia ; Academy of Finland ; Finnish Ministry of Education and Culture ; Helsinki Institute of Physics ; Magnus Ehrnrooth Foundation ; Waldemar von Frenckell Foundation ; Finnish Academy of Science and Letters (The Vilho Yrjo and Kalle Vaisala Fund) ; Institut National de Physique Nucleaire et de Physique des Particules / CNRS ; Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives / CEA, France ; Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung ; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft ; Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren, Germany ; General Secretariat for Research and Technology, Greece ; National Scientific Research Foundation ; National Innovation Office ; OTKA ; Department of Atomic Energy ; Department of Science and Technology, India ; Institute for Studies in Theoretical Physics and Mathematics, Iran ; Science Foundation, Ireland ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Italy ; Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning ; National Research Foundation (NRF), Republic of Korea ; Lithuanian Academy of Sciences ; Ministry of Education (Malaysia) ; University of Malaya (Malaysia) ; BUAP ; CINVESTAV ; CONACYT ; LNS ; SEP ; UASLP-FAI ; Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, New Zealand ; Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission ; Ministry of Science and Higher Education ; National Science Center, Poland ; Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, Portugal ; JINR, Dubna ; Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation ; Federal Agency of Atomic Energy of the Russian Federation ; Russian Academy of Sciences ; Russian Foundation for Basic Research ; Russian Competitiveness Program of NRNU MEPhI ; Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of Serbia ; Secretaria de Estado de Investigacion, Desarrollo e Innovacion ; Programa Consolider-Ingenio 2010 ; Plan de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion del Principado de Asturias ; Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, Spain ; ETH Board ; ETH Zurich ; PSI ; SNF ; UniZH ; Canton Zurich ; SER ; Ministry of Science and Technology, Taipei ; Thailand Center of Excellence in Physics ; Institute for the Promotion of Teaching Science and Technology of Thailand ; Special Task Force for Activating Research ; National Science and Technology Development Agency of Thailand ; Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey ; Turkish Atomic Energy Authority ; National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine ; State Fund for Fundamental Researches, Ukraine ; Science and Technology Facilities Council, U.K. ; U.S. Department of Energy ; U.S. National Science Foundation ; Marie-Curie program ; European Research Council ; Horizon 2020 Grant ; Leventis Foundation ; A. P. Sloan Foundation ; Alexander von Humboldt Foundation ; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office ; Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium) ; Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium) ; F.R.S.-FNRS ; FWO (Belgium) under the Excellence of Science - EOS - be.h project ; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) ; MSMT CR of the Czech Republic ; Nylands nation vid Helsingfors Universitet (Finland) ; Janos Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences ; New National Excellence Program of the Hungarian Ministry of Human Capacities ; Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India ; HOMING PLUS program of the Foundation for Polish Science ; European Union ; Regional Development Fund ; Mobility Plus program of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education ; National Science Center (Poland) ; National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund ; Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias ; Thalis program - EU-ESF ; Aristeia program - EU-ESF ; Greek NSRF ; Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship ; Chulalongkorn University ; Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand) ; Welch Foundation ; Weston Havens Foundation (U.S.A.) ; Estonian Research Council: IUT23-4 ; Estonian Research Council: IUT23-6 ; OTKA: NK 101438 ; Horizon 2020 Grant: 675440 ; FWO (Belgium) under the Excellence of Science - EOS - be.h project: 30820817 ; New National Excellence Program of the Hungarian Ministry of Human Capacities: NKP-17-4 ; National Science Center (Poland): Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428 ; National Science Center (Poland): Opus 2014/13/B/ST2/02543 ; National Science Center (Poland): 2014/15/B/ST2/03998 ; National Science Center (Poland): 2015/19/B/ST2/02861 ; National Science Center (Poland): Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406 ; Welch Foundation: C-1845 ; : EFOP-3.6.1-16-2016-00001 ; The process pp -> pl(+)l(-)p(()*()), with l(+)l(-) a muon or an electron pair produced at midrapidity with mass larger than 110 GeV, has been observed for the first time at the LHC in pp collisions at root s = 13 TeV. One of the two scattered protons is measured in the CMS-TOTEM precision proton spectrometer (CT-PPS), which operated for the first time in 2016. The second proton either remains intact or is excited and then dissociates into a low-mass state p*, which is undetected. The measurement is based on an integrated luminosity of 9.4 fb(-1) collected during standard, high-luminosity LHC operation. A total of 12 mu(+)/mu(-) and 8 e(+)e(-) pairs with m(l(+)l(-)) > 110 GeV, and matching forward proton kinematics, are observed, with expected backgrounds of 1.49 +/- 0.07 (stat) +/- 0.53 (syst) and 2.36 +/- 0.09 (stat) +/- 0.47(syst), respectively. This corresponds to an excess of more than five standard deviations over the expected background. The present result constitutes the first observation of proton-tagged gamma gamma collisions at the electroweak scale. This measurement also demonstrates that CT-PPS performs according to the design specifications.