Suchergebnisse

Sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA) is an endemic problem in UN peacekeeping missions. It is not only a gross human rights violation, but also threatens to challenge the legitimacy of the peacekeeping mission and undermines the promotion of gender equality in host countries. We examine if the composition of peacekeeping forces along two dimensions – the proportion of women and the records of gender (in)equality in the contributing countries – helps explain variation in SEA allegations. Analysis of mission-level information from 2009 to 2013 indicates that including higher proportions of both female peacekeepers and personnel from countries with better records of gender equality is associated with lower levels of SEA allegations reported against military contingents. We conclude that substantial reductions in SEA perpetrated by peacekeepers requires cultivation of a value for gender equality among all peacekeepers – improving the representation of women may help but still stops short of addressing the root of the problem.

Since the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution. - 1325 (2000), which is referenced in most of the mandates for. - peacekeeping authorizations and renewals as of its adoption,. - UN peacekeeping forces have begun a process of gender balancing.. - While we have seen an increase in the numbers of. - female peacekeepers during the decade 2000-2010 and variation. - in the distribution patterns of female military personnel, we do. - not know if female military peacekeepers are deploying to areas. - that are safest or to areas with the greatest need for genderbalanced. - international involvement. Because the decision-making. - authority in the allocation of peacekeeping forces rests with the. - troop-contributing countries, which might not have bought into the. - gender balancing and mainstreaming initiatives mandated by the. - UN Security Council, we propose and find evidence that female military. - personnel tend to deploy to areas where there is least risk. They. - tend not to deploy where they may be most needed-where sexual. - violence and gender equity has been a major problem-and. - we find only a modest effect of having specific language in the. - mandates related to gender issues. (International Interactions (London)/ FUB)

The purpose of the paper is to explore how an entrepreneur seizes opportunities in different contexts over the course of time through the developmental phases of an enterprise. The investigation is about a Chinese entrepreneur who founded a feather processing firm in 1978 after the start of the economic reform in the country. A qualitative research approach was selected to guide the exploratory nature of the study. Relevant data have been collected from news reports, articles and books written about the entrepreneur and the case company. During the early phase of the firm's development, the entrepreneur depended heavily on political connections to search for and seize opportunities. Institutional actors, such as the local government and the central government, played the role of mediators by introducing the entrepreneur to the most important actors in the market and providing resources such as loans, land, labour, etc. The foundation of the company was not the result of the foresightedness of the entrepreneur but of the Chinese central government. Thus, we refer to this entrepreneurship as state-promoted entrepreneurship. The entrepreneur's relationship with the institutional actors was represented by patronage, privilege and protection. As time progressed, experience grew and institutional policies changed towards favouring foreign trade, the entrepreneur sought opportunities independently, occasionally bypassing the important institutional actors. We refer to such a phenomenon as "State-parenting entrepreneurship", which is similar to how parents raise their children in a protective environment during the early years and subsequently allow them, over time, to move on independently.