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From the nineteenth century, when the new social question of women's factory labor came to preoccupy the (middle-class) public imagination, to the present times of globalized labor chains, discourses on gendered labor have been at once fluid and constitutive of labor hierarchies. These discourses and social relations affirm their centrality within processes of industrialization and workplace restructuring as well as in development policy, urban formation, and indeed, nation building. Depending on the political economy of the labor market, the images of laboring women accordingly oscillated between, for instance, helpless and exploited victims to national heroines in the service of developmental projects. At the same time, since the early nineteenth-century, the steadily accumulating social reform, labor inspection, or social scientific accounts of women's paid and unpaid labor testified to states' and employers' growing comfort with hiring what was and is still, in many ways, a cheap, easily exploitable category of workers, one whose profitability increased the more precarious their employment became. Such discourses and labor control practices were deeply racialized and classed. On the other side of the public imagination and employer's surveillance, women who engaged in paid work sometimes appropriated the discourses and reshaped the practices that were used to characterize their labor and judge their choices.

In 1999 the South African government passed the Municipal Structures Act which established the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Council and merged the East Rand towns of Alberton, Germiston, Brakpan, Benoni, Kempton Park, Springs, and Nigel under a common municipal authority. The new demarcation created a unified administrative structure for this region of approximately 2.5 million people living east of Johannesburg. It gave formal expression to long-standing processes of socioeconomic development that have defined the East Rand as a highly specific geographical entity. Between the 1950s and the 1970s the East Rand mapped itself on to South Africa's economic terrain as its industrial "workshop", as manufacturing replaced mining as the major contributor to GDP. The administrative unification of the East Rand has taken place, however, at a moment when established patterns of economic and social integration based on manufacturing are undermined by the impact of restructuring encouraged by domestic and global forces.

Im Zuge von Sparmaßnahmen an der Universität Witwatersrand werden Stellen abgebaut und die Finanzierung von Lehre und Forschung reformiert. Vom Personalabbau sind vorwiegend Mitarbeiter, die nicht dem Lehrkörper angehören, betroffen. Durch Outsourcing ist deren Einkommen gesunken, da sie nun zum Mindestlohn ohne Anspruch auf Sozialleistungen bei privaten Arbeitgebern beschäftigt sind. Auch starker Protest konnte die Entlassungen nicht verhindern. - Die partielle Finanzierung von Lehre und Forschung durch die Bergbaugesellschaft Goldfields soll intensiviert werden. Durch die Entwicklung neuer Technologien für Bergbau und Telekommunikation soll die Universität einen großen Teil ihres Etats selbst beschaffen. Diese marktorientierte Entwicklung geht zu Lasten geistes- und sozialwissenschaftlicher Studiengänge sowie benachteiligter, vor allem schwarzer Studenten. (DÜI-Blm)

Drawing on two case studies of the growth of casualisation and subcontracting in South Africa, this paper shows how 'flexiwork' is being introduced at the same time as South Africa's first democratically elected government is trying to extend basic core rights and standards to large sectors of the workforce that have in the past been excluded from the core labour regulation regime. This shift by employers towards 'flexiwork', in combination with high unemployment and the legacy of a sharply racially segmented labour market under apartheid, is re-segmenting a dual labour market. An increasingly polarised labour market is emerging, consisting of a growing number of marginalised 'flexiworkers' next to a 'core' workforce of black and white workers who increasingly also feel the threat of insecurity. The use of flexible labour is partly a response to a well-organised labour movement which has won shopfloor rights over the past decade and has succeeded in getting these rights entrenched in law. Although the labour movement has committed itself to organise 'flexiworkers', it is a long way from innovative responses to the challenge of flexibility.

Introduction. Situating Walmart in a global context : workplace cultures, industrial relations and supply chains / Carolina Bank Munoz, Bridget Kenny, and Antonio Stecher -- Wal-mart in Brazil : from global diffusion to national institutional embeddedness? / Katiuscia Moreno Galhera, Scott B. Martin, and Joao Paulo Candia Veiga -- Wal-mart and labor conditions in South Africa : local retailing, contract labor, and union weakness / Bridget Kenny -- Wal-mart workers in Chile : a case of union democracy, militancy, and strategic capacity / Carolina Bank Munoz -- Rank and file union activism in Wal-mart Argentina / Paula Abal Medina -- Wal-mart culture in the information technologies industry in Mexico / Gabriela Victoria Alvarado -- Wal-mart's direct farmer programme in South Africa : developmental state victory or corporate whitewash? / Stephen Greenberg -- Brokering development : NGO's and Wal-mart in low-income countries / Jennifer Wiegel -- Wal-mart's human trafficking problem : shrimp farming in Thailand / Nicholas Rudikoff -- Final reflections / Carolina Bank Munoz, Bridget Kenny, and Antonio Stecher

Sozialwissenschaftliche Bestandsaufnahme zum Gewerkschaftsdachverband "Congress of South African Trade Unions", unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Mitgliedschaft und Organisationsstruktur. (DÜI-Eng)

What does it mean to work with radical concepts in our time of rampant inequality, imperial-capitalist plunder, racial/sexual/class violence and ecocide? When concepts from the past seem inadequate, how do scholars and activists concerned with social change decide what concepts to work with or renew? The contributors to Ethnographies of Power address these questions head on.
Gillian Hart is a key thinker in radical political economy, geography, development studies, agrarian studies and Gramscian critique of postcolonial capitalism. In Ethnographies of Power each contributor engages her work and applies it to their own field of study.
These applied concepts include: 'gendered labour' practices among South African workers, reading 'racial capitalism' through agrarian debates, using 'relational comparison' in an ethnography of schooling across Durban, reworking 'multiple socio-spatial trajectories' in Guatemala's Maya Biosphere Reserve, critiquing the notion of South Africa's 'second economy', revisiting 'development' processes and 'Development' discourses in US military contracting, reconsidering Gramsci's 'conjunctures' geographically, finding divergent 'articulations' in Cape Town land occupations, and exploring 'nationalism' as central to revaluing recyclables at a Soweto landfill.
Ethnographies of Power offers an invaluable toolkit for activists and scholars engaged in sharpening their critical concepts for the social and environmental change necessary for our collective future.

Frontmatter -- CONTENTS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- Introduction / Bay, Mia / Fabian, Ann -- Part I: Race, Place, and Retail Spaces -- 1. Traveling Black/Buying Black: Retail and Roadside Accommodations during the Segregation Era / Bay, Mia -- 2. Retail Messages in the Ghetto Belt / Kwate, Naa Oyo A. -- 3. The Other Migrants: Mexican Shoppers in American Borderlands / Cadava, Geraldo L . -- 4. Southern Retail Campaigns and the Struggle for Black Economic Freedom in the 1950s and 1960s / Parker, Traci -- 5. Servicing a Racial Regime: Gender, Race, and the Public Space of Department Stores in Baltimore, Maryland, and Johannesburg, South Africa, 1940–1970 / Kenny, Bridget -- Part II: Race, Retail, and Communities -- 6. Athabascan Village Stores: Subsistence Shopping in Interior Alaska in the 1940s / Heaton, John W. -- 7. Deghettoizing Chinatown: Race and Space in Postwar America / Wu, Ellen D. -- 8. Marketing Identity, Negotiating Boundaries: Ethnic Entrepreneurship in the Coff eehouses and Narghile Lounges of Paterson, New Jersey / Bayouth, Neiset -- 9. The Changing Politics of Latino Consumption: Debates Related to Downtown Santa Ana's New Urbanist and Creative City Redevelopment / Londoño, Johana / González, Erualdo R . -- 10. The Spatial Politics of Black Business Closure in Central Brooklyn / Sutton, Stacey A . -- Part III: The Inner Landscapes of Racialized Consumption -- 11. Selling Voodoo in Migration Metropolises / Cooper, Melissa L . -- 12. "A Fantasy in Fashion": Luxury Dressing and African American Lifestyle Magazines in the 1980s / Carter-David, Siobhan -- 13. Racial Discrimination in Retail Settings: A Liberation Psychology Perspective / Williams, Jerome D. / Henderson, Geraldine Rosa / Evett, Sophia R. / Hakstian, Anne-Marie G. -- 14. Does the Retail Environment Affect Mental Health? Satisfaction with Neighborhood Retail and Social Well-Being among African Americans in New York City / Thompson, Azure B. / Porter, Sharese N. -- NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS -- INDEX