Suchergebnisse

This article considers the reception and genre of the Shāhnāmah in India. It takes as its starting-point comments made by the poet Mirza Asad Allah Khan Ghalib in 1866, moving on to look at a Mughal Shāhnāmah adaptation, the Tarikh-i dil-gusha-i Shamsher-Khani, and its Urdu translations, as well as other Persian, Urdu and Arabic texts. It investigates the (mis)identification of the Shāhnāmah's genre, looking at cases in which it was understood as historiographical rather than as a romance, and seeking an explanation for this 'contamination' of the sincere genre of history by the mendacious romance genre. A methodological split in the historiographical corpus is proposed, between a rationalist (' aqli) and transmission-based ( naqli) method. The contest between these two methods is considered, and the prevalence of transmission-based history and its similarity to romance is brought forward as a possible reason for the porousness of the border between these ostensibly opposing genres.

Summary: The Indian subcontinent comprises eight countries (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, Bhutan, and the Maldives) and a collective population of more than 1.3 billion people. 10% of the world's suicides (more than 100,000 people) take place in just three of these countries, viz. India, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan. There is very little information on suicides from the other four countries. Some differences from suicides in Western countries include the high use of organophosphate insecticides, larger numbers of married women, fewer elderly subjects, and interpersonal relationship problems and life events as important causative factors. There is need for more and better information regarding suicide in the countries of the Indian subcontinent. In particular, studies must address culture-specific risk factors associated with suicide in these countries. The prevention of this important public health problem in an area of the world with myriad socio-economic problems, meager resources, and stigmatization of mental illness poses a formidable challenge to mental health professionals, policy makers, and governments of these countries.

The importance of entrepreneurship is now recognized worldwide. This has been reflected in the proliferation of different programs and other related activities aimed at fostering entrepreneurship education and development all over the world during the last two decades. This paper briefly reviews such developments, including those in Bahrain, and suggests that increased efforts are needed to help initiate and launch an effective entrepreneurship development program in the country.

The Mobilisation of domestic resources and their efficient
utilisation are two of the most crucial tasks in revitalising the
economy of Pakistan. Historically, low saving fotmation and relatively
higher targets of investment and economic growth made it imperative to
depend on external resources. Despite heavy domestic borrowing from both
private and public sectors, there still has remained an unmet resource
gap that has necessitated dependence on foreign capital. I In recent
years, the sources of foreign assistance have become scarce due to a
growing shortage in world saving and growing domestic demand for budget
appropriations in the western countries. If economic growth in Pakistan
is to be sustained and selfgenerating, investment in physical and human
development must be increased and mad more efficient. To meet this
challenge, most of the capital will have to come from domestic sources.
Hence, the focus of this paper is on harnessing domestic efforts to
increase saving formation and to enhance efficiency of capital
investments. Traditionally, the government of Pakistan has relied on
conventional approaches to increasing domestic saving. First, the
government has been encouraging greater saving by the private sector
through a package of national saving schemes and by allowing financial
institutions to introduce saving incentives. Saving-schemes and saving
incentives have not produced satisfying results. Table 1 shows saving
and investment in selected South Asian countries. Saving in Pakistan is
very low and, indeed, among the lowest even when compared with
neighbouring and other developing countries. Explanations of this
failure include the low levels of income and high rate of inflation in
the country.2 Moreover, the financial institutions have in general
remained inefficient.

Economic policy and growth in Pakistan, 1949-90. Summary in English p. 501.

Im globalen Kontext kann der Aufbau der SAARC als Versuch gewertet werden, eine strukturelle Diversifikation und Self-Reliance als Weg aus den überkommenen Mustern von Herrschaft und Abhängigkeit beschreiten zu wollen. Anstatt jedoch die nationale Souveränität zugunsten einer regionalen Integration anzutasten, erscheint es weitaus realistischer, mit der funktionellen Kooperation zwischen den Mitgliedsländern zu beginnen. Eine ständige Förderung wirtschaftlicher Zusammenarbeit wird ein günstiges Klima für die Beseitigung politischer Konflikte schaffen können. (DSE)