Suchergebnisse

L'article retrace la genèse de l'Organisation européenne des brevets, organisation méconnue et pourtant centrale dans l'histoire économique contemporaine du continent depuis sa création en 1973. Il met en avant le travail de longue haleine des experts en droit de la propriété industrielle, qui dans des cadres multiples et imbriqués, harmonisent au lendemain de la Seconde Guerre mondiale le droit matériel, et négocient les conditions d'une coordination plus poussée du processus souverain de délivrance des brevets. Cette dynamique sectorielle prend forme entre deux dynamiques plus large, celle de la mondialisation d'un côté et celle de l'intégration européenne communautaire de l'autre. Elle débouche en 1973 sur la signature de la Convention sur le brevet européen au terme d'une conférence diplomatique organisée à Munich.

Résumé L'expression « concert européen » s'applique à la fois aux relations diplomatiques tissées entre les Etats au xix e siècle et à la diffusion d'émissions musicales à l'échelle continentale entre 1929 et 1939. Au-delà des prouesses techniques, l'ambition culturelle et pacifiste de ces concerts rencontra rapidement l'obstacle des « styles nationaux ».

International audience ; This essay contends that the US Signal Corps' wartime network had major consequences for the postwar development of the politicaleconomy of the telephone in the United States, France, and Europe Our approach is transnational. In contrast to previous scholarship,which is mostly top-down, nation-centric, and preoccupied with the internal configuration of telephone networks that are typically studiedinside the walls of discrete national containers, we widen the lens to explore a broad array of influences on network evolution,including those that originated from within individual operating companies and beyond national borders. Among the themes thatwe explore is transnational standard-setting. And among the agent of change that we emphasize is the influence of military conflict onpersonal networks, technical protocols, and international organizations From such a vantage point, the First World War emerges as aconstitutive moment in the making of the information infrastructure in the modern world.

International audience ; This essay contends that the US Signal Corps' wartime network had major consequences for the postwar development of the politicaleconomy of the telephone in the United States, France, and Europe Our approach is transnational. In contrast to previous scholarship,which is mostly top-down, nation-centric, and preoccupied with the internal configuration of telephone networks that are typically studiedinside the walls of discrete national containers, we widen the lens to explore a broad array of influences on network evolution,including those that originated from within individual operating companies and beyond national borders. Among the themes thatwe explore is transnational standard-setting. And among the agent of change that we emphasize is the influence of military conflict onpersonal networks, technical protocols, and international organizations From such a vantage point, the First World War emerges as aconstitutive moment in the making of the information infrastructure in the modern world.

This essay contends that the US Signal Corps' wartime network had major consequences for the postwar development of the political economy of the telephone in the United States, France, and Europe. Our approach is transnational. In contrast to previous scholarship, which is mostly top-down, nation-centric, and preoccupied with the internal configuration of telephone networks that are typically studied inside the walls of discrete national containers, we widen the lens to explore a broad array of influences on network evolution, including those that originated from within individual operating companies and beyond national borders. Among the themes that we explore is transnational standard-setting. And among the agents of change that we emphasize is the influence of military conflict on personal networks, technical protocols, and international organizations. From such a vantage point, the First World War emerges as a constitutive moment in the making of the information infrastructure in the modern world.

International audience ; This essay contends that the US Signal Corps' wartime network had major consequences for the postwar development of the politicaleconomy of the telephone in the United States, France, and Europe Our approach is transnational. In contrast to previous scholarship,which is mostly top-down, nation-centric, and preoccupied with the internal configuration of telephone networks that are typically studiedinside the walls of discrete national containers, we widen the lens to explore a broad array of influences on network evolution,including those that originated from within individual operating companies and beyond national borders. Among the themes thatwe explore is transnational standard-setting. And among the agent of change that we emphasize is the influence of military conflict onpersonal networks, technical protocols, and international organizations From such a vantage point, the First World War emerges as aconstitutive moment in the making of the information infrastructure in the modern world.

International audience ; The Second World War stopped most of the activities of the international infrastructure organisations like the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) or the Universal Postal Union (UPU), which had managed the transnational flows of communication since the mid-19th century. Nevertheless, this did not stop international postal and telecommunication cooperation completely. In 1942 the German PTT administration convened a European postal and telecommunication congress in Vienna that pursued the work done by the ITU and UPU. They founded a 'European Postal and Telecommunication Union' (EPTU) in accordance with the ITU and UPU conventions. This article argues that the EPTU was an important step toward the Europeanization of intra-European connections. Within EPTU ideas as well as norms, values and practices of postal and telecommunication governance in view of uniting Europe continued (nearly unbroken) from the interwar to the post Second World War era.

International audience ; The Second World War stopped most of the activities of the international infrastructure organisations like the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) or the Universal Postal Union (UPU), which had managed the transnational flows of communication since the mid-19th century. Nevertheless, this did not stop international postal and telecommunication cooperation completely. In 1942 the German PTT administration convened a European postal and telecommunication congress in Vienna that pursued the work done by the ITU and UPU. They founded a 'European Postal and Telecommunication Union' (EPTU) in accordance with the ITU and UPU conventions. This article argues that the EPTU was an important step toward the Europeanization of intra-European connections. Within EPTU ideas as well as norms, values and practices of postal and telecommunication governance in view of uniting Europe continued (nearly unbroken) from the interwar to the post Second World War era.

International audience ; The Second World War stopped most of the activities of the international infrastructure organisations like the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) or the Universal Postal Union (UPU), which had managed the transnational flows of communication since the mid-19th century. Nevertheless, this did not stop international postal and telecommunication cooperation completely. In 1942 the German PTT administration convened a European postal and telecommunication congress in Vienna that pursued the work done by the ITU and UPU. They founded a 'European Postal and Telecommunication Union' (EPTU) in accordance with the ITU and UPU conventions. This article argues that the EPTU was an important step toward the Europeanization of intra-European connections. Within EPTU ideas as well as norms, values and practices of postal and telecommunication governance in view of uniting Europe continued (nearly unbroken) from the interwar to the post Second World War era.

Depuis son apparition à la fin du XIXe siècle sous la forme industrielle, la nouvelle énergie électrique s'est immiscée dans les paysages métropolitains, industriels ou ruraux. Mais cette immixtion, sous le signe de l'étrangeté de l'appareillage, du bâtiment, des configurations spatiales et des postures professionnelles, s'est progressivement, et parfois radicalement, transformée en genèse d'un paysage électrique spécifique. Ce nouveau système paysager, qui concentrait tous les signes ambivalents de la modernité avant d'être aujourd'hui en certains cas patrimonialisé, a produit des figures extrêmement diverses. Cet ouvrage dépasse largement la question des externalités économiques et sociales négatives, question toujours au demeurant centrale. Il pose un jalon dans une histoire culturelle du dialogue entre l'électricité et le paysage. Il confirme que ce dialogue déjà multiséculaire ne se réduit pas à la mesure extrêmement volatile du gradient technophile/technophobe, tradition/modernité et bien entendu nature/culture. Il insiste, surtout, sur la complexité de la trame historique de ces paysages de l'électricité, où les physionomies territoriales se reconstruisent sans cesse en brassant le quotidien et le sublime, la fabrique de la nature et les superstitions de la culture.

What interpretation(s) do today's historians make of electrification? Electrification is a process which began almost a hundred and fifty years ago but which more than one billion men and women still do not have access to. This book displays the social diversity of the electric worlds and of the approaches to their history. It updates the historical knowledge and shows the renewal of the historiography in both its themes and its approaches. Four questions about the passage to the electrical age are raised: which innovations or combination of innovations made this passage a reality? According to which networks and appropriation? Evolving thanks to which tensions and alliances? And resulting in which transition and accumulation?
Quel(s) regard(s) les historiens d'aujourd'hui portent-ils sur l'électrification, processus engagé il y a près de cent cinquante ans mais auquel plus d'un milliard d'hommes et de femmes restent encore étrangers ? Le présent volume rend compte de la diversité des mondes sociaux électriques et des manières d'enquêter sur leur histoire. Il actualise les connaissances et témoigne du renouvellement de l'historiographie, dans ses objets et ses approches. Quatre points d'interrogation sur le basculement des sociétés dans l'âge électrique jalonnent le volume : moyennant quelles créations ou combinaisons créatrices ? En vertu de quelles circulations et appropriations ? Selon quelles tensions et alliances ? Et produisant quelles transitions et accumulations ?

Der Band befasst sich mit der grenzüberschreitenden infrastrukturellen Kooperation während des Zweiten Weltkriegs. Er vergleicht die Entwicklung bei Post, Telekommunikation, Eisenbahn und Schifffahrt und ordnet die Ergebnisse in die langfristigen Entwicklungen der Europäischen Integration ein. Damit wird die bislang dominierende These vom Zweiten Weltkrieg als Zäsur in der internationalen Kooperation in Frage gestellt. Zugleich wird gezeigt, dass grenzüberschreitende Initiativen nicht nur trotz, sondern mitunter gerade wegen des Kriegs unternommen wurden. Die einzelnen Beiträge greifen damit auch in die Debatte um das "Neue Europa" ein.