Suchergebnisse

L'auteur examine l'impact de l'implantation des technologies de l'information sur la vie quotidienne des individus, à partir de deux questions particulières. Dans un premier temps, il examine les conditions, les ramifications et les effets liés à l'usage généralisé de banques de données de plus en plus nombreuses et performantes. Dans un deuxième temps, il présente les mécanismes actuels de contrôle de l'usage de ces banques de données. En conclusion, l'auteur propose des solutions basées sur la flexibilité même de la technique informatique et qui permettrait d'assurer une protection accrue des droits et des libertés.

International audience Background: Many studies of cerebral asymmetries in different species lead, on the one hand, to a better understanding of the functions of each cerebral hemisphere and, on the other hand, to develop an evolutionary history of hemispheric laterality. Our animal model is particularly interesting because of its original evolutionary path, i.e. return to aquatic life after a terrestrial phase. The rare reports concerning visual laterality of marine mammals investigated mainly discrimination processes. As dolphins are migrant species they are confronted to a changing environment. Being able to categorize new versus familiar objects would allow dolphins a rapid adaptation to novel environments. Visual laterality could be a prerequisite to this adaptability. To date, no study, to our knowledge, has analyzed the environmental factors that could influence their visual laterality.Results: We investigated visual laterality expressed spontaneously at the water surface by a group of five common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in response to various stimuli. The stimuli presented ranged from very familiar objects (known and manipulated previously) to familiar objects (known but never manipulated) to unfamiliar objects (unknown, never seen previously). At the group level, dolphins used their left eye to observe very familiar objects and their right eye to observe unfamiliar objects. However, eyes are used indifferently to observe familiar objects with intermediate valence.Conclusion: Our results suggest different visual cerebral processes based either on the global shape of well-known objects or on local details of unknown objects. Moreover, the manipulation of an object appears necessary for these dolphins to construct a global representation of an object enabling its immediate categorization for subsequent use. Our experimental results pointed out some cognitive capacities of dolphins which might be crucial for their wild life given their fission-fusion social system and migratory behaviour.

Cette recherche étudie la relation entre l'intérêt et le bien-être en s'appuyant sur des données récoltées auprès de 1 192 élèves de collèges et de lycées appartenant à quatre classes différentes (6éme, 3 éme , seconde, terminale). Trois dimensions de l'intérêt (scolaire, français, mathématiques) sont mesurées au moyen de l'Échelle multidimensionnelle d'intérêt académique (EMIA) et sont mises en relation avec la satisfaction de vie scolaire et la satisfaction de vie générale de l'élève. Les résultats mettent en évidence un déclin de l'intérêt de la 6 éme à la 3 éme pour l'intérêt scolaire et l'intérêt en français. Une diminution similaire de l'intérêt en mathématiques est également observée mais cette dernière se poursuit jusqu'en seconde. Un sursaut significatif des trois formes d'intérêt est mesuré en terminale par rapport à la seconde ou à la troisième, mais il reste en deçà de l'intérêt en 6ème. Un modèle en piste causale valide également le lien entre l'intérêt et le bien-être. Il montre que l'effet des intérêts spécifiques aux deux matières prises en compte par l'EMIA est médiatisé par l'intérêt scolaire qui renvoie plus globalement à l'intérêt pour l'apprentissage.

International audience Call combinations allow animals to expand the communicative power of small repertoires with acoustically inflexible elements. In Campbell's monkeys, Cercopithecus campbelli, males possess a small repertoire of calls that can be merged to an acoustically invariable suffix and which are concatenated into various sequences, mainly in response to external disturbances. The vocal repertoire of adult females has been less well studied although it is much richer, containing both alarm and various social calls. In particular, females possess a low-pitched contact call, produced either alone or merged with a high-pitched, arched unit. Combined contact calls are identity-richer and easier to detect than simple calls. Here, we investigated the socioecological factors that determined the production of single and combined utterances and found that combined utterances were more common when identity was relevant such as in mixed-species associations and during socially important vocal exchanges. In contrast, single calls were used mainly when predation risk was high, as part of this species' generally cryptic antipredator strategy. We discuss these finding in the light of current theories regarding the evolution of combinatorial signalling.