Suchergebnisse

This 34th volume of the International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management includes papers from the 2021 conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environmental Systems (SDEWES) held October 10-15, 2021, in Dubrovnik, Croatia as well as the 7th International Conference on Smart Energy Systems held September 21-22 in Copenhagen, Denmark and two normal papers. A focus area of this issue is district heating and district cooling systems, with articles addressing resources for district heating and cooling systems, impacts of having individual district heating metres for consumers and approaches to analysing district heating systems. Another focus area is stakeholder involvement where two groups of researchers focus on stakeholders from an energy island perspective as well as from a positive energy district perspective. Both groups note the importance of factoring in stakeholders when devising transition plans. Plans for increasing the penetration of renewable energy sources for the Estonian, Latvia and Lithuanian systems are analysed using the Backbone model, finding modest increases in system costs. Lastly, an article sets up an indicator system for assessing environmental performance of European Union member states ranking, e.g., Estonian, Latvia and Lithuanian as moderate (Estonia and Latvia) to weak (Lithuania) in terms of sustainable energy performance score, based on 2019 data.

Die dänische Regierung und der staatliche dänische Übertragungsnetzbetreiber Energinet.dk beschreiben das dänisch-britische Stromkabel Wiking Link als eine grüne Investition, die dänischen Windstrom nach Großbritannien leiten und so die Energiewende unterstützen soll. Bisher geheim gehaltene Berechnungen von Energinet.dk zeigen jedoch, dass die eigentlichen Nutznießer der Trasse deutsche Kohlekraftwerke sein werden. Ein Standpunkt der Wissenschaftler Kirsten Hasberg, Brian Vad Mathiesen, Henrik Lund und Søren Djørup von der dänischen Universität Aalborg ; Die dänische Regierung und der staatlichedänische Übertragungsnetzbetreiber Energinet.dkbeschreiben das dänisch-britische Stromkabel Viking Link als eine grüne Investition, diedänischen Windstrom nach Großbritannien leitenund so die Energiewende unterstützen soll. Bisher geheim gehaltene Berechnungen vonEnerginet.dk zeigen jedoch, dass die eigentlichenNutznießer der Trasse deutsche Kohlekraftwerkesein werden. Ein Standpunkt der WissenschaftlerKirsten Hasberg, Brian Vad Mathiesen, Henrik Lund und Søren Djørup von der dänischen Universität Aalborg.

Over the last 30 years, the concept of control has had a central position in research into the psychological working environment. Control has been understood as individual autonomy and individual opportunities for development. This article examines whether the concept of control has the same key significance in the modern workplace which is simultaneously characterized by self-management and standardization. It is concluded that the concept of control remains important, but needs to evolve from its focus on the work of individuals to a focus on the associational aspects of work if it is to retain its critical potential. This conclusion is supported by case studies of four Danish banks.

Considering the security of supply concerns relating to the Irish energy system at present and the significant renewable energy resource available, many initiatives and policies have been developed to encourage the transition to renewable energy. These objectives are almost exclusively set at a national level, but they need to be supplemented by local plans also, since the most successful renewable energy projects to date are at a local level. For example, it is evident from the transition to renewable energy in Denmark, that 100% renewable energy systems can already be implemented at a local level. Hence, by initiating local action, national targets can be met and exceeded, while also creating a template for a wider transition to renewable energy. Accordingly, the primary goal of the project is: To develop a local energy plan for Limerick and Clare which is based on a quantified assessment of different sustainable energy measures, in terms of costs, fuel, and carbon dioxide emissions. The project has been subdivided into two sections: the Energy & Emissions Balance and the Climate Change Strategy. In this report, the Energy & Emissions Balance, the key goal is to develop a local energy balance for the Limerick Clare Region (LCR), which can subsequently be used in the Climate Change Strategy. This report includes a review of existing legislation which affects the LCR at EU, national, regional, and local level. In addition, other local energy balances in Ireland are assessed to establish the different methodologies currently utilised in Ireland for local energy balances. From this review, the key difference identified is the use of a top-down or a bottom-up approach. Typically large areas with more than 10,000 inhabitants use a top-down approach to create an energy balance whereas smaller areas use a bottom-up approach based on actual energy consumption data. For the LCR, it was concluded that a top-down approach would therefore be the most suitable.

This paper investigates to which extent heat should be saved rather than produced and to which extent district heating infrastructures, rather than individual heating solutions, should be used in future sustainable smart energy systems. Based on a concrete proposal to implement the Danish governmental 2050 fossil-free vision, this paper identifies marginal heat production costs and compares these to marginal heat savings costs for two different levels of district heating. A suitable least-cost heating strategy seems to be to invest in an approximately 50% decrease in net heat demands in new buildings and buildings that are being renovated anyway, while the implementation of heat savings in buildings that are not being renovated hardly pays. Moreover, the analysis points in the direction that a least-cost strategy will be to provide approximately 2/3 of the heat demand from district heating and the rest from individual heat pumps.

This paper investigates to which extent heat should be saved rather than produced and to which extent district heating infrastructures, rather than individual heating solutions, should be used in future sustainable smart energy systems. Based on a concrete proposal to implement the Danish governmental 2050 fossil-free vision, this paper identifies marginal heat production costs and compares these to marginal heat savings costs for two different levels of district heating. A suitable least-cost heating strategy seems to be to invest in an approximately 50% decrease in net heat demands in new buildings and buildings that are being renovated anyway, while the implementation of heat savings in buildings that are not being renovated hardly pays. Moreover, the analysis points in the direction that a least-cost strategy will be to provide approximately 2/3 of the heat demand from district heating and the rest from individual heat pumps. ; This paper investigates to which extent heat should be saved rather than produced and to which extent district heating infrastructures, rather than individual heating solutions, should be used in future sustainable smart energy systems. Based on a concrete proposal to implement the Danish governmental 2050 fossil-free vision, this paper identifies marginal heat production costs and compares these to marginal heat savings costs for two different levels of district heating. A suitable least-cost heating strategy seems to be to invest in an approximately 50% decrease in net heat demands in new buildings and buildings that are being renovated anyway, while the implementation of heat savings in buildings that are not being renovated hardly pays. Moreover, the analysis points in the direction that a least-cost strategy will be to provide approximately 2/3 of the heat demand from district heating and the rest from individual heat pumps.

This document is a summary of the key technical inputs for the modelling of the heat strategy for Europe outlined in the latest Heat Roadmap Europe studies [1, 2]. These studies quantify the impact of alternative heating strategies for Europe in 2030 and 2050. The study is based on geographical information systems (GIS) and energy system analyses. In this report, the inputs for other modelling tools such as PRIMES are presented, in order to enable other researches to generate similar heating scenarios for Europe. Although Heat Roadmap Europe presents a complete heat strategy for Europe, which includes energy efficiency, individual heating units (such as boilers and heat pumps), and heat networks, the recommendations here are primarily relating to the potential and modelling of district heating. Although other solutions will play a significant role in decarbonising the heating and cooling sector, especially heat savings and heat pumps, these are not the focus in this document since many tools and organisations already have the ability to analyse these solutions. In contrast, there is currently a considerable shortage of basic knowledge about the modelling, implementation, and role of district heating in a low-carbon energy system context, so we have focused on this area based on our extensive experience in this area [1-10]. This report includes guidelines on the potential heat demand in European buildings that can be met by district heating as well as some general guidelines on how this district heating demand can be supplied. Typical capacities are recommended for boilers, combined heat and power (CHP) plants, centralised heat pumps, and thermal storage facilities. In addition, the potential heat available from surplus heat and renewable heat sources is outlined. These inputs can be used to model increased penetrations of district heating in the EU energy system in other energy planning tools, such as the PRIMES and JRC-EU-TIMES tools. The key results from the Heat Roadmap Europe studies are that:  Heat savings have a key role to play, but there is a socio-economic limit: after reducing the total heat demand by approximately 30-50%, it will be cheaper to supply heat from a sustainable resource instead of continuing with further savings, which can also enable a higher penetration of renewable energy due to cost shifted from savings and due to the availability of low cost waste heat sources.  District heating should be implemented in the urban areas of Europe where the heat density is high enough.  Heat pumps should be the primary individual heating solution in rural areas, but they will be supplemented by biomass boilers and solar thermal units in suitable locations. The scale and locations of these individual heating solutions has yet to be determined. By implementing these measures, the Heat Roadmap Europe studies have indicated that it is possible to reduce the overall socio-economic costs of the EU energy system while simultaneously reducing carbon dioxide emissions and increasing the utilisation of renewable energy. To supplement these technical recommendations, this document also gives a flavour of the key policies which can be used to stimulate the growth of district heating in Europe. The key conclusion from these recommendations is that the European Union has a key role to play in the legislation of district heating, even though the implementation is required at a Member State (MS) level.

The transport sector contributes to approximately one third of Danish greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and almost half of emissions from the energy sector. A unified Danish parliament agreed to reduce total emissions with 70% compared to 1990 levels by 2030. This paper estimates the potential for reducing the national transport sector GHG emissions in 2030 and proposes a pathway towards full decarbonisation in 2045 using a complex set of measures. Towards 2030, the major focus is on an extensive electrification for passenger cars, alongside the implementation of significant measures to achieve lower growth rates for kilometers travelled by car and aircraft. From 2030 onwards, a decisive focus is set on sector integration. Production of electrofuels proves to be a key measure to decarbonize aviation, shipping and long-distance road freight transport. The results show a reduction of GHG emissions of 41% in 2030 and full decarbonisation in 2045. The reduction is achieved without a significant increase of socio-economic costs. From 2030 to 2045, a substantial electrification of road transport and a focus of moving the need for mobility from roads towards rail and bicycles drives the full-decarbonisation together with the replacement of fossil fuels with electrofuels for aviation, shipping and heavy-duty road transport.

Denmark has more than 10 years' of experience with a wind share of approximately 20 per cent. During these 10 years, electricity markets have been subject to developments with a key focus on integrating wind power as well as trading electricity with neighbouring countries. This article introduces a methodology to analyse and understand the current market integration of wind power and concludes that the majority of Danish wind power in the period 2004e2008 was used to meet the domestic demand. Based on a physical analysis, at least 63 per cent of Danish wind power was used domestically in 2008. To analyse the remaining 37 per cent, we must apply a market model to identify cause-effect relationships. The Danish case does not illustrate any upper limit for wind power integration, as also illustrated by Danish political targets to integrate 50 per cent by 2020. In recent years, Danish wind power has been financed solely by the electricity consumers, while maintaining production prices below the EU average. The net influence from wind power has been as low as 1e3 per cent of the consumer price. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The ICES Workshop for management strategy evaluation for Norway Pout (WKNPOUT) took place 26–28 February 2018 at ICES Headquarter chaired by Andrés Uriarte, Spain, with the assistance of ICES Secretariat. 12 participants, both scientific experts and stakeholders, from Denmark and Norway, attended the meeting. The group addressed the special request from the European Union and Norway to advise on the long-term management strategies of Norway Pout in ICES Subarea 4 (North Sea) and ICES Division 3.a (Skagerrak-Kattegat). The proposed management strategy is based on the ICES escapement strategy with the aim of achieving a high probability of having the minimum SSB required to produce MSY (Blim) surviving to the following year. ICES was requested to evaluate: 1. Whether a management strategy is precautionary if the TAC is constrained with a lower bound in the range of 20 000 tonnes to 40 000 tonnes and an upper bound in the range of 150 000 tonnes to 250 000 tonnes, or another range suggested by ICES. 2. Whether such a strategy would be precautionary if the TAC constraints referred to in paragraph 1 are overridden by a constraint on the maximum value of fishing mortality (Fcap), and whether the application of the Fcap would allow a precautionary strategy with a higher minimum TAC than if the Fcap was not applied. 3. Whether a provision to override the minimum value of the TAC when the stock is forecast to be below some threshold value would allow a precautionary strategy with a higher minimum TAC than if the escape-clause was not included, and whether such a provision would provide any additional benefit to the inclusion of an Fcap as referred to in paragraph 2. The alternative management procedures were tested in the framework of a management strategy evaluation (MSE) set up according to the assessment model SESAM adopted for Norway pout in the 2016 benchmark. One thousand simulations (replicates) were projected over 20 years for each of the different harvest control rules. Each replicate begins in the 2018 TAC year which starts in quarter 4 of calendar year 2017. Each replicate randomly draws a true state of the system (starting population, age and quarterly fishing patterns and series of past recruitments) from the joint distribution estimated by the last stock assessment. This is taken as the approach best reflecting the uncertainties in the SESAM assessment. An alternative reducing the uncertainty in the initial stock numbers, recruitment and exploitation pattern at the median estimate from the last assessment was also tested. The simulations were conditioned by a maximum realized level of fishing mortality the fishery can exert (assumed at 0.89; F historical ), which means that the full TAC will not be taken if the required F exceeds this value. First the group tested whether the current ICES procedure for providing TAC advice for Norway Pout, based on an escapement strategy (the default method), was precautionary. Results showed that it is not precautionary (as tested with unconstrained levels of fishing mortality), because the probability of SSB falling below Blim is higher than 5%. This is probably linked to cases of very high TAC and F when very high recruitments occur, in association with observation errors in the assessment. This called for modifying the default escapement strategy either by setting an upper F (Fcap) or including conditions on TACmin/ TACmax as explored here. Concerning Request 1: The group tested HCR escapement strategies (as the default method) bounded by a combination of TACmin (at either 20, 30 or 40 kt) and TACmax (at 150 and 200 kt). Results show that these HCR were precautionary for TACmin at 20 kt for the two TACmax levels and for a TACmin at 30 kt when bounded by a TACmax of 150 kt. They gave median and mean TACs (around 100–130 kt depending upon the rule) and realized catches around 110–115 kt, with TACs set at TACmin or at TACmax around 20–24% and 36–46% of the cases respectively. In these cases, F historical was reached in 9–16% of the years, which makes the results sensitive to the assumption that the fishery will not exceed catches requiring F above F historical . Other combinations based on higher values of TACmin or TACmax led to unprecautionary outcomes. Concerning Request 2: The same combinations of TACmin and TACmax as for request 1 were explored with F cap at either 0.3 or 0.4. Results showed that the inclusion of a F cap increases the range of TACmin and TACmax combinations that are precautionary, reaching for Fcap up to a TACmin at 30 kt and a TACmax of 200 kt. On average, TACs become considerably lower when F cap is applied (ranging between 72 and 97 kt depending upon the combinations) and realized catches did not exceed 92 kt. In general, TAC increases with increasing Fcap. The gain in average TAC by increasing TACmin or TACmax is minimal, but the TAC constraints affect the probability of falling below Blim. For these bounded rules, the probability of setting TAC at TACmin is very similar to the probability for HCRs without an Fcap, but the probability of reaching TACmax is considerably lower due to the application of the Fcap. The absolute changes in TAC between years are smaller with Fcap constraints as well, (in the order of 40 000 t) partly because of the lower TAC in general. Applying F cap makes the HCR more robust to violations of the assumption of an F historical , as the probability of reaching F historical becomes significantly lower than for the HCR without an F cap . The sensitivity of the performance of tested HCR to the alternative fittings of the stock recruitment relationship is minor, as shown for examples of rules with F cap . Concerning request 3, due to time limitation and little interest from stakeholders to override the TACmin, the group did not fully cover this request, but an exercise was made to find out if the TACmin of 40 000 t might become precautionary under an alternative configuration of the escapement policy. An escapement strategy with a TACmin at 40 000 tonnes aiming at an escapement Biomass at 65 000 t instead of the current B lim (39 450 t) would become precautionary with combinations of F cap in the range 0.3 to 0.4 and TACmax in the range 150 to 200 kt. TACmin would be set in around 48% of the years, which gives a median TAC slightly above TACmin. Mean TAC for the three HCR is in the same order of size as for Request 2. The Special request also asked ICES to evaluate whether the results of the MSE would be significantly changed if the TAC year were defined as 1 November to 31 October rather than a calendar year. The latter TAC year is applied to the EU Member States fishing in EU waters, while Norway uses the calendar year (January–December). Furthermore, ICES advice is produced based on a forecast from 1 October to 30 September, and ICES uses such forecast to advice management for the period 1 November- 31 October. The MSE adopted to answer the request follows the same practice. The WK has not compared the results of the MSE for the TAC year defined as 1 November to 31 October with those for a calendar year, as the latter would require a time shift in the assessment and forecast. The report includes some considerations on the current practice for advice and the TAC year.

The aim of Heat Roadmap Europe 4 (HRE4) is to create the scientific evidence required to support the decarbonisation of the heating and cooling sector in Europe and to redesign this sector by combining the knowledge of local heating markets, potential savings and energy system analysis. In particular, HRE4 aims to develop low-carbon heating and cooling strategies, called Heat Roadmaps, for 14 European Union member states (including Poland) and allow for a better understanding and more accurate quantification of the European heating and cooling sector. The project covers countries equivalent to 90% of the European heat demands. Key to the project is the combination of mapping and energy system modelling, in order to be able to understand not just the system effects of energy efficiency but also the spatial dimension. Therefore, the approach in HRE4 brings together energy system analysis with spatial planning tools and provides an in-depth understanding of thermal demands in built environment and industry, including both heating and cooling. HRE4 involves the most detailed spatial mapping of heat demands and renewable heat resources up to date; includes the potential for reducing heat demands through costefficient energy efficiency measures in both the heating and the cooling sector; integrates industrial sectors to quantify heat demands; and models both long term projections and hour-by-hour energy systems. In addition to this report, which described the specific findings and Heat Roadmap for Poland, a variety of tools, methodologies and datasets have been developed in the context of the HRE4 project which are available at www.heatroadmap.eu and can provide further detail and background: • A final report presenting the heating and cooling scenarios in HRE4, and 14 country reports. • An updated version of the Pan-European Thermal Atlas, including Poland. • An interactive dataset on the profiles for heating and cooling demands in Europe, breaking down the heating and cooling sector by demand type, sector, industry, and temperature, including for Poland. • 56 freely available energy system simulation models (including 4 for Poland), and an interactive dataset showing some of the key results. • Deliverables on the methodologies, data, and capacity-building activities related to the HRE4 project.

The aim of Heat Roadmap Europe 4 (HRE4) is to create the scientific evidence required to support the decarbonisation of the heating and cooling sector in Europe and to redesign this sector by combining the knowledge of local heating markets, potential savings and energy system analysis. In particular, HRE4 aims to develop low-carbon heating and cooling strategies, called Heat Roadmaps, for 14 European Union member states (including United Kingdom) and allow for a better understanding and more accurate quantification of the European heating and cooling sector. The project covers countries equivalent to 90% of the European heat demands. Key to the project is the combination of mapping and energy system modelling, in order to be able to understand not just the system effects of energy efficiency but also the spatial dimension. Therefore, the approach in HRE4 brings together energy system analysis with spatial planning tools and provides an in-depth understanding of thermal demands in built environment and industry, including both heating and cooling. HRE4 involves the most detailed spatial mapping of heat demands and renewable heat resources up to date; includes the potential for reducing heat demands through costefficient energy efficiency measures in both the heating and the cooling sector; integrates industrial sectors to quantify heat demands; and models both long term projections and hour-by-hour energy systems. In addition to this report, which described the specific findings and Heat Roadmap for United Kingdom, a variety of tools, methodologies and datasets have been developed in the context of the HRE4 project which are available at www.heatroadmap.eu and can provide further detail and background: • A final report presenting the heating and cooling scenarios in HRE4, and 14 country reports. • An updated version of the Pan-European Thermal Atlas, including United Kingdom. • An interactive dataset on the profiles for heating and cooling demands in Europe, breaking down the heating and cooling sector by demand type, sector, industry, and temperature, including for United Kingdom. • 56 freely available energy system simulation models (including 4 for United Kingdom), and an interactive dataset showing some of the key results. • Deliverables on the methodologies, data, and capacity-building activities related to the HRE4 project.

The aim of Heat Roadmap Europe 4 (HRE4) is to create the scientific evidence required to support the decarbonisation of the heating and cooling sector in Europe and to redesign this sector by combining the knowledge of local heating markets, potential savings and energy system analysis. In particular, HRE4 aims to develop low-carbon heating and cooling strategies, called Heat Roadmaps, for 14 European Union member states (including Austria) and allow for a better understanding and more accurate quantification of the European heating and cooling sector. The project covers countries equivalent to 90% of the European heat demands. Key to the project is the combination of mapping and energy system modelling, in order to be able to understand not just the system effects of energy efficiency but also the spatial dimension. Therefore, the approach in HRE4 brings together energy system analysis with spatial planning tools and provides an in-depth understanding of thermal demands in built environment and industry, including both heating and cooling. HRE4 involves the most detailed spatial mapping of heat demands and renewable heat resources up to date; includes the potential for reducing heat demands through costefficient energy efficiency measures in both the heating and the cooling sector; integrates industrial sectors to quantify heat demands; and models both long term projections and hour-by-hour energy systems. In addition to this report, which described the specific findings and Heat Roadmap for Austria, a variety of tools, methodologies and datasets have been developed in the context of the HRE4 project which are available at www.heatroadmap.eu and can provide further detail and background: - A final report presenting the heating and cooling scenarios in HRE4, and 14 country reports. - An updated version of the Pan-European Thermal Atlas, including Austria. - An interactive dataset on the profiles for heating and cooling demands in Europe, breaking down the heating and cooling sector by demand type, sector, industry, and temperature, including for Austria. - 56 freely available energy system simulation models (including 4 for Austria), and an interactive dataset showing some of the key results. - Deliverables on the methodologies, data, and capacity-building activities related to the HRE4 project.

The aim of Heat Roadmap Europe 4 (HRE4) is to create the scientific evidence required to support the decarbonisation of the heating and cooling sector in Europe and to redesign this sector by combining the knowledge of local heating markets, potential savings and energy system analysis. In particular, HRE4 aims to develop low-carbon heating and cooling strategies, called Heat Roadmaps, for 14 European Union member states (including Finland) and allow for a better understanding and more accurate quantification of the European heating and cooling sector. The project covers countries equivalent to 90% of the European heat demands. Key to the project is the combination of mapping and energy system modelling, in order to be able to understand not just the system effects of energy efficiency but also the spatial dimension. Therefore, the approach in HRE4 brings together energy system analysis with spatial planning tools and provides an in-depth understanding of thermal demands in built environment and industry, including both heating and cooling. HRE4 involves the most detailed spatial mapping of heat demands and renewable heat resources up to date; includes the potential for reducing heat demands through costefficient energy efficiency measures in both the heating and the cooling sector; integrates industrial sectors to quantify heat demands; and models both long term projections and hour-by-hour energy systems. In addition to this report, which described the specific findings and Heat Roadmap for Finland, a variety of tools, methodologies and datasets have been developed in the context of the HRE4 project which are available at www.heatroadmap.eu and can provide further detail and background: - A final report presenting the heating and cooling scenarios in HRE4, and 14 country reports. - An updated version of the Pan-European Thermal Atlas, including Finland. - An interactive dataset on the profiles for heating and cooling demands in Europe, breaking down the heating and cooling sector by demand type, sector, industry, and temperature, including for Finland. - 56 freely available energy system simulation models (including 4 for Finland), and an interactive dataset showing some of the key results. - Deliverables on the methodologies, data, and capacity-building activities related to the HRE4 project.