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Principles of measurement scales -- Developing a questionnaire -- Scores and measurement : validity, reliability, sensibility -- Multi-item scales -- Factor analysis and structural equation modelling -- Item response theory and differential item functioning -- Item banks, item linking, and computer-adaptive tests -- Choosing and scoring questionnaires -- Clinical trials -- Samples sizes -- Cross-sectional analysis -- Exploring longitudinal data -- Modelling longitudinal data -- Missing data -- Practical and reporting issues -- Death and quality-adjusted survival -- Clinical interpretation -- Biased reporting and response shift -- Meta-analysis.

In everyday life it is now common to find our actions linked to sound, especially using technology, such as when we use mobile devices, or operate more recently manufactured cars, technology in the workplace or simply in an elevator. While we may attend little to these noises, like any semiotic resource, they can communicate very specific meanings and carry ideologies. In this paper, using multimodal critical discourse analysis, we analyse the sounds and music in two proto-games that are played on mobile devices: Genie Palace Divine and Dragon Island Race. While visually the two games are highly gendered, we show that an investigation of the sounds players can make during gameplay reveals very specific insights into the ways that sound positions players in the world. In each game we ask: what is foregrounded and what backgrounded as regards sound? Sound can be used to signal the personal and impersonal and specific kinds of social relations which, we show, is highly gendered. It can also signal priorities, ideas and values, which in both cases, we show, relate to a world where there is simply no time to stop and think.

The paper analyses how the March 1993 American intervention in Somalia is represented in the movie Black Hawk Down and the computer game of the same name. Using a discourse historical approach, the paper combines three methods: (1) analysis of the 'special operations discourse' that underlies both film and game, and social actor analysis of the way the parties involved in the conflict are visually and verbally represented; (2) the political history of the conflict represented in the two entertainment products, and the history of the 'special operations discourse' itself; and (3) an account of the collaboration between the US military and entertainment industry in the production of both film and game.

The paper analyses how the March 1993 American intervention in Somalia is represented in the movie Black Hawk Down & the computer game of the same name. Using a discourse historical approach, the paper combines three methods: (1) analysis of the "special operations discourse" that underlies both film & game, & social actor analysis of the way the parties involved in the conflict are visually & verbally represented; (2) the political history of the conflict represented in the two entertainment products, & the history of the "special operations discourse" itself; & (3) an account of the collaboration between the US military & entertainment industry in the production of both film & game. Tables, References. Adapted from the source document.

Abstract
In the Swedish news-media we find sporadic critical, or reflective, reporting on the production conditions of Swedish
'sweat-shop' factories in the Global South, used to supply Transnational Corporations (TNCs). In this paper we carry out a critical
discourse analysis, in particular using Van Leeuwen's social actor and social action analysis, to look at examples from a larger corpus of
88 news reports and editorials from the Swedish press, between 2012–2017, which report and comment on activities of the Swedish company
H&M in relation to its production chains. Analysis reveals how these recontextualize events, processes and motives, to represent Sweden
and Swedish TNCs as characterized by a benevolent, democratic, humane, form of capitalism, drawing on discourses of a former social
democratic Sweden of the 1960s before it became highly neo-liberalized. This nationalism converges with other discourses promoting the
exploitation of the Global South.

The aim of this paper is to open a discussion about multimodal work in the area of gender, language and discourse, and propose the kinds of multimodal approaches that are most appropriate for this task. Multimodality, we claim, is a rather fragmented and unconsolidated field where many of the tools and concepts applied by different researchers are much less suitable than others. Our intention here is to raise critical questions about the affordances used by communicators in each context of usage and the ideological purposes they are meant to accomplish, so that meanings about gender and sexuality are uncovered.