Suchergebnisse

"The aim of this edited volume is to discuss the often-overlooked importance of secondary rules of international law. Secondary rules of international law, such as attribution, causality, and the standard and burden of proof, have been treated as stepchildren in scholarly literature and have seen fragmented application in international adjudication. Yet the systemic nature of international law entails that coherent and consistent application of such rules is a key element in reinforcing the legitimacy of decisions of international courts and tribunals. Accelerated development of international law and international litigation, coupled with the fragmented nature of the adjudicatory terrain calls for theoretical scrutiny and systemic analysis of the developments in the judicial treatment of secondary rules. The scope of the edited volume extends to questions of standard of review, causation, evidentiary rules, and attribution. It subjects these concepts to an in-depth doctrinal analysis by highlighting the divergent layers of meanings and normative contents attached to these notions in scholarship as well as in the case practice of international courts and tribunals. The aim of this volume is to clarify these concepts by canvassing the complexities of the secondary rules of international law thereby inviting further scholarly works on these matters and a more consistent application in international adjudication. Earlier scholarly works have not problematized the role of secondary rules of international law in adjudication in a comprehensive manner. This edited volume seeks to fill this gap by emphasizing the consequential nature of these secondary rules and argues that the outcome of a litigation is fundamentally shaped by the exact standard of proof, standard of review, or attribution basis that is chosen by adjudicators."--

The aim of the study was to analyse preferable gender characteristics based on underlying gender stereotypes among the students from the University of Belgrade. The specific objective was to explore the prescribed value and the structure of those stereotypes. The participants were 261 students (69.7% female) from the University of Belgrade, 55.2% from Departments of social sciences and humanities and 44.8% from Departments of technical sciences, from the first to the fourth year of undergraduate studies.In the first phase of the study, we have used the list of eight pairs of desirable male and female prototypical attributes, and in the second phase, we have used the semantic differential scale for evaluative assessment of those attributes. The results have indicated that typical gender stereotypes are still predominant even in the academic environment. Stereotypes are more pronounced in the male sample than in the female one, i.e. women perceive the sexes as more similar to each other than men do. Both men and women evaluated the desirable "male" characteristics more positively than "female" ones, but men valued "female" characteristics significantly lower than women. We identified four groups of students with different structures of stereotypes. The predominant groups of stereotyping expressed masculinisation of both genders, or clear polarisation based on patriarchal tradition. If we consider students as the important strength for development of gender equality, more efforts should be made for understanding influence and planning policies, and programs targeting gender equality on faculties. ; Istraživanje se bavi analizom preferencija rodnih karakteristika koje se zasnivaju na rodnim stereotipima studenata Beogradskog Univerziteta. Cilj istraživanja je bio da se ispita kakva je struktura ovih stereotipa i koje im se vrednosti pripisuju. Ispitivanje je obavljeno na prigodnom uzorku od 261 studenata (69.7% studentkinja i 30.3% studenata),sve četiri godine osnovnih studije sa različitih fakulteta Beogradskog Univerziteta, od čega je 55.2% iz oblasti društvenih nauka, a 44.8% sa tehničkih fakulteta.U prvom delu ispitivanja, učesnicima je data lista od 8 parova atributa od čega je trebalo da u okviru svakog para obeleže koja je karakteristika povoljnija za muškarce, a koja za žene, pri čemu su iste karakteristike mogle da se odaberu za oba pola. U drugoj fazi ispitivanja, koja je obavljena mesec dana kasnije, svi atributi su procenjivani metodom semantičkog diferencijala u cilju određivanja njihove evaluativne vrednosti.Rezultati su pokazali da tradicionalni rodni stereotipi još uvek dominiraju, čak i u akademskoj sredini. Studentkinje su imale tendenciju da procenjuju poželjne rodne karakteristike kao sličnije za oba pola, dok su studenti percipirali veće razlike među polovima. S druge strane, kada su vrednovali ove atribute, i student i studentkinje su više vrednovali one atribute koje su opažali kao preferirane "maskuline" karakteristike, ali su studenti vrednovali "feminine" karakteristike značajno niže u odnosu na studentkinje. Latentnom analizom klasa identifikovane su četiri grupe ispitanika sa različitom strukturom stereotipa, koji se mogu odrediti kao oni sa tradicionalno patrijarhalnom polarizacijom rodnih karakteristika, zatim oni koji teže "maskulinizaciji" oba pola, oni koji preferiraju "feminine" karakteristike i konačno, oni koji "mešaju" poželjne rodne karakterisitke nezavisno od toga na koji se pol odnose.Rezultati generalno pokazuju da su rodni stereotipi rasprostranjeni i da su prisutni kod studenata oba pola. Ipak, stereotipi su više prisutni kod studenata. Dve najzastupljenije grupe stereotipa su one koje zastupaju ili maskulinizaciju oba pola ili polarizaciju polova u skladu sa tradicionalnim patrijarhalnim vrednostima. Ukoliko studente vidimo kao značajnu snagu u razvoju rodne ravnopravnosti, ovi rezultati upućuju na to da više napora treba usmeriti ka razumevanju uticaja univerzitetskih programa na održavanje rodnih stereotipa, kao i ka planiranju politika i programa koji su usmereni na podsticanje rodne ravnopravnosti.