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The development of nineteenth-century municipal art galleries was often closely associated with the activities of private philanthropy. The history of the Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool, illustrates the problematic nature of philanthropy and the ways in which it could be used to advance personal status and political goals. However it also demonstrates that philanthropy was a skilled art; philanthropy that appeared to be self-seeking could be counter-productive and produce and adverse public reaction. Study of art gallery philanthropy can therefore be useful in exploring both the interdependence of public and private bodies in public cultural provision and the limitations of philanthropy as a strategy for urban governance.

ABSTRACT:Cairo has often been seen as a 'dual city' divided between a 'modern' European city and a historic 'traditional' core. This article challenges this view through a historical exploration of suburban Cairo, a subject neglected by mainstream urban historians. A comparative examination of Ismailiyah, Garden City, Zamalek, Maadi, Helwan and Heliopolis illustrates that these suburbs took very different forms and reflected a wide range of historical and contemporary architectural tastes and design perspectives. Not all suburban developments were products of modern technical innovations and by 1922 no suburb had a majority of European residents. The use of the term 'modern' to characterize Cairo's suburbs therefore has the tendency to privilege western concepts of the modern and obscure the complexities of suburban social and economic development.

Recent developments in network culture suggest a weakening of hierarchical narratives of power and representation. Online technologies of distributed authorship appear to nurture a complex, speculative, contradictory and contingent realism. Yet there is a continuing deficit where the
moving image is concerned, its very form appearing resistant to the dynamic throughputs and change models of real-time interaction. If the task is not to suspend but encourage disbelief as a condition in the user, how can this be approached as a design problem? In the attempt to build a series
of design projects suggesting open architectures for the moving image, might a variety of (pre-digital) precursors from the worlds of theory, art, architecture and film offer the designer models for inspiration or adaptation.

La science politique de Hume marque un point tournant dans l'histoire de la pensée politique. On pent mieux apprécier sa signification si on la considère comme une réponse structurée aux essais de construction d'une science politique fondée sur l'expérience tentés par les théoriciens de la tradition républicaine classique. Sa discussion des formes de gouvernement, du régime mixte en Grande Bretagne, du rôle des législateurs, de l'influence du gouvernement sur le comportement social, des sources de la puissance militaire, de la sagesse d'acquérir des colonies, des mérites de la politique de la Grèce et de Rome dans l'Antiquité, et en dernier lieu, sa conception d'une république parfaite, tons ces thèmes font partie d'une réponse systématique aux oeuvres de Machiavel, Harrington, Bolingbroke et autres. La conception de Hume du gouvernement constitutionnel dérive d'une application plus consistante du raisonnement expérimental an domaine politique. Sa science politique offre done une nouvelle théorie du gouvernement républicain qui a eu une profonde influence sur les penseurs américains, notamment Hamilton et Madison. Ces derniers y trouvèrent une conception du politique qui pouvait être appliquée aux grandes sociétés mercantiles.

D. Hume's political science was a turning point in the history of political thought. It was a structured attempt to form an experience-based political science along the lines tried by the philosophers of antiquity. Its discussion of forms of government, the mixed government of Great Britain, the role of the legislature, influence of the government on social conduct, sources of military power, the wisdom of colonial acquisition, merits of the policies of Greece & Rome in antiquity, & its conception of a perfect republic, are all a systematic response to the works of Machiavelli, Harrington, Bolingbroke, & others. Hume's concept of constitutional government is derived from a consistent application of experimental reason to the political domain. Therefore, his political science offers a new theory of republican government which has deeply influenced United States thinkers, eg Hamilton & Madison, who found it applicable to great mercantile societies. Modified HA.