Suchergebnisse

distribuição de energia teve seu início no último quartil do século passado, podendo ser considerada como um marco a construção, por Thomas Alva Edison, em 1879, da primeira central elétrica para distribuição de energia à cidade de Nova Iorque. No Brasil, o pioneirismo coube à cidade de Campos, que, em 1883, tornousea primeira da América do Sul a receber iluminação pública elétrica. A distribuição elétrica, en tretanto, somente veio a constituir-se em um serviço público relativamente amplo a partir da primeira década do século, inicialmente em São Paulo (1899) e, posteriormente, no Rio (1905).

Dissertação de mestrado em Economia ; The purpose this dissertation is to test the impact of macroeconomic outcomes on citizens' support for the European integration process. Citizens' support is vital for the European integration process mainly because without their support, national governments' will not endorse increases in the levels of integration. In order to analyse the impact of the economic conditions on the European Union's popularity at an aggregate level, a popularity function was estimated for a panel of the first fifteen EU members, between 1974 and 2008. To control for countries' different characteristics at different levels, a fixed effects estimation method was used. The results indicate a negative impact of unemployment variations on EU's citizen support for the EU, and a positive impact of the degree of openness of the economies and of the percentage of trade with other EU countries. There is also evidence of the existence of a honeymoon effect in the first three years of each countries EU membership, and of a decrease in citizens' support for the EU as time in the Union increases. When the sample is split into different integration stages, econometric results suggest that significant departures of the economic variables from what citizens consider to be 'acceptable' levels increase the weight citizens attribute to them in their evaluations of the EU's performance. These results can have important implications on the EU's policies since they reveal which variables the EU should focus on when it considers increasing its integration levels ; O objectivo desta dissertação é analisar o impacto da performance económica de cada país na opinião dos seus cidadãos sobre o processo de integração europeia. O apoio dos cidadãos é vital para o processo de integração europeia principalmente porque sem ele os governos nacionais não endossarão aumentos nos níveis de integração europeia. De modo a analisar o impacto das condições económicas na popularidade da União Europeia (UE) a um nível agregado, foi ...

We investigate the determinants of public support for EU membership using a panel of fifteen countries over the 1974 - 2008 period. The results indicate that increases in inflation and unemployment rate generate a decrease in support for EU membership, while growth of GDP growth increases support. There is evidence of erosion in citizens' support as time in the Union accumulates and when the country is under the excessive deficit procedure. Splitting the sample into different periods reveals that real economic variables were more influential in shaping citizens' support for the EU than nominal variables during the first years of the Community, but inflation became the most relevant variable after implementation of the Treaty of the European Union. ; Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia ...

Aquest article fa referència a la importància del multilingüisme en les institucions de la UE i a la política de comunicació europea a través d'Internet; descriu també el funcionament de la unitat de traducció web, creada específicament a la Comissió Europea per editar i traduir els textos destinats al portal Europa. Inclou una part sobre el treball d'edició dels textos originals i una altra dedicada al punt de vista del traductor. ; Este artículo se refiere a la importancia del multilingüismo en las instituciones de la UE y a la política de comunicación europea a través de Internet y describe el funcionamiento de la unidad de traducción Web, específicamente creada en la Comisión Europea para editar/traducir los textos destinados al portal Europa. Incluye una parte sobre el trabajo de edición de los textos originales y otra dedicada al punto de vista del traductor. ; This article discusses the importance of multilingualism at EU institutions and to the EU's online communication policy and describes the operation of the dedicated website translation unit, specifically set up within the European Commission to draft and translate texts for the EU portal. It includes a section on the drafting of texts and another section from the point of view of the translator.

Selected papers from the 3rd Edition of the International Conference on Wastes: Solutions, Treatments and Opportunities ; The legal aspects governing the disposal of used batteries were established in the nineties of the last century in Brazil and Portugal. In Brazil the law establishes the implementation of a reverse logistics system of this waste, similar to the system of Portugal, in which there is an extended producer responsibility. Portugal, subjected to the targets set by the European Union, has increased collection rates, with emphasis on the role of management entities. In Brazil, progress and the development of strategies to increase the collection rate have been observed, nevertheless, challenges associated with the increase of the coverage of the collection of batteries and also the public information about the disposal are relevant, as well as combating irregularities. Moreover, given the growing concern over the shortage of raw materials, proper management, including the collection and recycling of these wastes, can be seen as an important opportunity for both countries.

This research examined the acute effects of flexibility training with two different intensities on inflammation. Twenty-eight young military personnel males were randomised into two groups of 14 individuals each: Submaximal Stretching Group (SG) and Maximal Stretching Group (MG). The training routines were applied for each group and involved shoulder horizontal flexion, shoulder horizontal extension, hip flexion and hip extension. Basal blood samples were collected immediately after exercise and 24 h later in order to assess the inflammatory markers (CRP, IL-6, IL-10). Repeated measures ANOVA (2x3) for intragroup and intergroup comparisons with the adjusted Bonferroni post-hoc test was used. There was significant intergroup interaction (p< 0.05) with post-exercise CRP levels, which were significantly higher in the MG when compared to the SG (p= 0.035; Δ= 94%). There were no significant differences in IL-6 and IL-10 concentrations at any intergroup moment. The intragroup comparison showed a significant rise in IL-6 immediately after and 24 h after maximal stretching, with a significant difference (p< 0.05) 24 h after when compared to baseline (p= 0.008; Δ= 44.16%). These results suggest that maximal stretching promoted a higher acute inflammatory response when compared to submaximal stretching due to the greater intensity of the exercises.

The fuel sector has been facing sharp fluctuations in prices, including diesel oil, due to turbulence in the global market caused by the conflict between Ukraine and Russia. A promising alternative to address energy issues is to adopt energy generation from fuels derived from vegetable oils. These fuels, produced with local and renewable raw materials, have a lower environmental impact. This study aimed to evaluate the performance and emissions of a diesel engine in power generation, operating with varying proportions of corn-based fuels. Blends composed of a mixture of corn biodiesel and diesel oil were tested, in the proportions: B5, B10, B15, B20, B50, B70, B90 and B100. The 8 kVA engine was rated up to 6000 W. The increase in corn biodiesel resulted in lower consumption and reduced CO and CO² emissions. Such results indicate the technical feasibility of corn biodiesel blends as partial replacements for traditional diesel.