Suchergebnisse

This article reviews the political history of Czechoslovakia as a vital part of the Soviet-dominated "Communist bloc" and its repercussions for the journalist associations based in the country. Following an eventful history since 1918, Czechoslovakia changed in 1948 from a liberal democracy into a Communist regime. This had significant consequences for journalists and their national union and also for the International Organization of Journalists (IOJ), which had just established its headquarters in Prague. The second historical event to shake the political system was the "Prague Spring" of 1968 and its aftermath among journalists and their unions. The third landmark was the "Velvet Revolution" of 1989, which played a significant part in the fall of Communism in Central and Eastern Europe and led to the closing of the old Union of Journalists in 1990, followed by the founding of a new Syndicate which refused to serve as the host of the IOJ. This led to a gradual disintegration and the closing down of what in the 1980s was the world's largest non-governmental organization in the media field.

This editorial provides the overall context for the five cases -three national and two international- covered in this thematic issue. While the cases are from Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), they highlight fundamental questions of journalism everywhere, including contradictions between freedom and control, professionalism and politics, individual and collective. The associations of journalists serve as very useful platforms to study these questions, especially at historical turning points when the whole political system changed, as happened twice in CEE after World War II.

Histories of the emerging field of mass communication (e.g. Hardt, 2001; Pietilä, 2005) —in continental Europe from the late seventeenth century onward and in the United States from the early nineteenth century onward—lead one to notice how little and how late international institutions have played a role in shaping communication research. Although the roots of the field go back to the classics of sociology and political science, it is only in the twentieth century that we can find any systematic international networking of research, built through particular structures such as international meetings or associations among relevant scholars. Journalists and other "press people" had their first international congress in 1894, followed by their own international association(s) in the first half of the twentieth century (Nordenstreng et al, 2016). Global media policies began to take shape in the League of Nations in the 1920s—at a time when communication research was not only established but already being divided into various traditions. But communication research remained conspicuously remiss on its own international platforms and structures until the end of World War II. ; Las historias del campo emergente de la comunicación de masas (Hardt, 2001; Pietilä, 2005) -en Europa continental desde finales del siglo xvii en adelante y en Estados Unidos desde comienzos del siglo xix en adelante- nos permiten reconocer el escaso y tardío rol que han jugado las instituciones internacionales en moldear la investigación en comunicación. A pesar de que las raíces del campo remiten a los clásicos de la sociología y de la ciencia política, es solamente a partir del siglo XX cuando podemos encontrar algún intercambio sistemático de investigación a escala internacional, construido a través de estructuras particulares como los encuentros internacionales o las asociaciones entre académicos relevantes. Los periodistas y otras personas vinculadas con el mundo de la prensa organizaron su primer congreso internacional en 1894, seguido de su propia asociación internacional durante la primera mitad del siglo xx (Nordenstreng et al., 2016). Las políticas globales de medios comenzaron a tomar forma en la Liga de Naciones durante los años veinte del S.XX, en un momento en el que la investigación en comunicación no solamente no estaba establecida sino que ya se encontraba dividida en varias tradiciones. Sin embargo, la investigación en comunicación permaneció conspicuamente relegada en sus plataformas y estructuras internacionales hasta el fin de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. ; As histórias do campo emergente da Comunicação de massas (Hardt, 2001; Pietilä, 2005), na Europa continental desde finais do século xvii em diante e nos Estados Unidos desde começos do século xix em diante, nos permitem reconhecer o escasso e tardio papel que têm jogado as instituições internacionais em moldar a investigação em comunicação. Apesar de que as raízes do campo remitem aos clássicos da sociologia e da ciência política, é só a partir do século xx quando podemos encontrar algum intercâmbio sistemático de investigação a escala internacional, construído através de estruturas particulares como os encontros internacionais ou as associações entre acadêmicos relevantes. Os jornalistas e outras pessoas vinculadas com o mundo da imprensa organizaram o seu primeiro congresso internacional em 1894, seguido da sua própria associação internacional durante a primeira metade do século xx (Nordenstreng et al., 2016). As políticas globais de meios começaram a tomar forma na Liga de Nações durante os anos vinte do S. xx, em um momento no que a investigação em comunicação permaneceu conspicuamente relegada nas suas plataformas e estruturas internacionais até o fim da Segunda Guerra Mundial.

Las historias del campo emergente de la comunicación de masas (Hardt, 2001; Pietilä, 2005) -en Europa continental desde finales del siglo xvii en adelante y en Estados Unidos desde comienzos del siglo xix en adelante- nos permiten reconocer el escaso y tardío rol que han jugado las instituciones internacionales en moldear la investigación en comunicación. A pesar de que las raíces del campo remiten a los clásicos de la sociología y de la ciencia política, es solamente a partir del siglo XX cuando podemos encontrar algún intercambio sistemático de investigación a escala internacional, construido a través de estructuras particulares como los encuentros internacionales o las asociaciones entre académicos relevantes. Los periodistas y otras personas vinculadas con el mundo de la prensa organizaron su primer congreso internacional en 1894, seguido de su propia asociación internacional durante la primera mitad del siglo xx (Nordenstreng et al., 2016). Las políticas globales de medios comenzaron a tomar forma en la Liga de Naciones durante los años veinte del S.XX, en un momento en el que la investigación en comunicación no solamente no estaba establecida sino que ya se encontraba dividida en varias tradiciones. Sin embargo, la investigación en comunicación permaneció conspicuamente relegada en sus plataformas y estructuras internacionales hasta el fin de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. ; As histórias do campo emergente da Comunicação de massas (Hardt, 2001; Pietilä, 2005), na Europa continental desde finais do século xvii em diante e nos Estados Unidos desde começos do século xix em diante, nos permitem reconhecer o escasso e tardio papel que têm jogado as instituições internacionais em moldar a investigação em comunicação. Apesar de que as raízes do campo remitem aos clássicos da sociologia e da ciência política, é só a partir do século xx quando podemos encontrar algum intercâmbio sistemático de investigação a escala internacional, construído através de estruturas particulares como os encontros internacionais ou as associações entre acadêmicos relevantes. Os jornalistas e outras pessoas vinculadas com o mundo da imprensa organizaram o seu primeiro congresso internacional em 1894, seguido da sua própria associação internacional durante a primeira metade do século xx (Nordenstreng et al., 2016). As políticas globais de meios começaram a tomar forma na Liga de Nações durante os anos vinte do S. xx, em um momento no que a investigação em comunicação permaneceu conspicuamente relegada nas suas plataformas e estruturas internacionais até o fim da Segunda Guerra Mundial. ; Histories of the emerging field of mass communication (e.g. Hardt, 2001; Pietilä, 2005) —in continental Europe from the late seventeenth century onward and in the United States from the early nineteenth century onward—lead one to notice how little and how late international institutions have played a role in shaping communication research. Although the roots of the field go back to the classics of sociology and political science, it is only in the twentieth century that we can find any systematic international networking of research, built through particular structures such as international meetings or associations among relevant scholars. Journalists and other "press people" had their first international congress in 1894, followed by their own international association(s) in the first half of the twentieth century (Nordenstreng et al, 2016). Global media policies began to take shape in the League of Nations in the 1920s—at a time when communication research was not only established but already being divided into various traditions. But communication research remained conspicuously remiss on its own international platforms and structures until the end of World War II.

"Bringing together distinguished scholars from BRICS nations and those with deep interest and knowledge of these emerging powers, this collection makes a significant intervention in the ongoing debates about comparative communication research and thus contribute to the further internationalization of media and communication studies. The unprecedented expansion of online media in the world's major non-Western nations, exemplified by BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) is transforming global communication. Despite their differences and divergences on key policy issues, what unites these five nations, representing more than 20 per cent of the global GDP, is the scale and scope of change in their communication environment, triggered by a multilingual, mobile Internet. The resulting networked and digitized communication ecology has reoriented international media and communication flows. Evaluating the implications of globalization of BRICS media on the reshaping of international communication, the book frames this within the contexts of theory-building on media and communication systems, soft power discourses and communication practices, including in cyberspace. Adopting a critical approach in analysing BRICS communication strategies and their effectiveness, the book assesses the role of the BRICS nations in reframing a global communication order for a 'post-American world'. This critical volume of essays is ideal for students, teachers and researchers in journalism, media, politics, sociology, international relations, area studies and cultural studies programmes"--

"Mapping BRICS Media brings together distinguished scholars from the BRICS nation's to assess the effects of the exponential growth in media in some of the world's fastest growing major economies and examine how the emergence will impact on global media and communication.Transnational in scope and comparative in approach, the book will focus on significant and yet hitherto largely ignored developments in the globalization of media. By interrogating the relationship between the inter-BRICS media and media practices and perceptions, this volume will provide an accessible and comprehensive guide to the complex debates about the impact of the rise of the rest on the media globe"--

This book provides a multi-faceted picture of the many complex processes taking place in the field of contemporary Russian media and popular culture. Russian social and cultural life today is strongly individualised and consumers are offered innumerable alternatives; but at the same time options are limited by the new technologies of control which are a key feature of Russian capitalism. Based on extensive original research by scholars in both Russia itself and in Finland, the book discusses new developments in the media industry and assesses a wide range of social and cultural changes, many o

Inspired by an increasing interest in the history and theory of mass communication studies, the case of Finland is presented in five consecutive stages, which partly reflect features specific to the country and partly more universal developments. A crucial turn took place in the late 1960s, stimulated by policy developments in the Finnish Broadcasting Company (YLE), and leading to a unique paradigm and to debates with proponents of paradigms produced later. By the late 1980s, many of the old divergences and contrasts have disappeared and an understanding has emerged that no single perspective can dominate the field. Yet there is interest in the prospects of a more synthetic approach, for which intellectual stimulation is coming from the crossroads of the three main disciplinary variants in European mass communication studies—Euro-American, French and German respectively.

"Angeregt durch das wachsende Interesse an der Geschichte und der Theorie der Massenkommunikationsforschung, wird der Fall Finnlands in fünf zeitlichen Abschnitten dargestellt, die zum Teil spezifische Eigenschaften des Landes, zum Teil universelle Entwicklungen reflektieren. Ein bedeutender Wandel erfolgte in den späten sechziger Jahren, stimuliert durch politische Veränderungen im finnischen Rundfunk (YLE). Mit dem Ende der achtziger Jahre sind viele der alten Divergenzen und Kontraste verschwunden und durch den Konsens ersetzt worden, daß keine einzelne Perspektive das Feld dominieren kann. Aber es gibt ein Interesse an der Fortentwicklung eines eher synthetischen Zugangs, für den die intellektuellen Anregungen aus den drei wichtigsten Varianten der Massenkommunikationsforschung in Europa, der euro-amerikanischen, der französischen und der deutschen, bezogen werden." (Autorenreferat)