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This paper surveys research findings since the early 1970s, focusing on the growth processes of both traditional and modern industries and their relations with government activity in the period between the 1870s and 1940. Most of the surveyed research can be seen as a response to two theses: first, that pre‐1940 Japan was essentially a market‐led economy; and second, that the traditional sector did not decline in the industrialisation process, but in fact prospered. The survey argues that there were a good deal of interactions between the modern and traditional sectors at regional levels and that the regional economy occupied a significant place in the ways in which government business relations were structured.

A correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-021-00962-7

Abstract Global environmental change, the depletion of natural resources, and unacceptable levels of pollution, among other anthropogenic impacts on the planet and its ecosystems, demand a radical shift in the way humankind develops. Global agreements like the "2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development" or the "Paris Agreement on Climate Change" seek to promote sustainable development and its integration in policymaking. Against this backdrop, the Government of Japan in its Fifth Basic Environment Plan of 2018 proposed the concept of the Circulating and Ecological Sphere (CES) to guide sustainable transitions in light of the sustainable development goals (SDGs). The CES provides a framework for a new paradigm in sustainable development bringing together existing approaches, namely, rural–urban linkages, ecosystem-based solutions, decarbonisation, and resource circulation. Still in an embryonic stage, some regional and local authorities in Japan have started to experiment with ways to apply this concept on the ground. Drawing on a systematic literature review on the different components covered by the CES, along with analysis of a case study in Suzu, Japan, this paper explores how this new concept can contribute to achieve a sustainable future.

Higher education for sustainable development (HEfSD) is being significantly shaped by the global sustainability agenda. Many higher education institutions, responsible for equipping the next generation of sustainability leaders with knowledge and essential skills, proactively try to action the sustainable development goals (SDGs) in HEfSD policy, curriculum and practice through scattered and isolated initiatives. Yet, these attempts are not strategically supported by a governing approach to HEfSD or coordinated effectively to tackle social and environmental sustainability. These predicaments not only widen the gap between HEfSD policy, curriculum and practice but also exacerbate the complexities between human and environmental interactions compromising overall sustainability. However, these efforts represent a potential for actioning the Global Agenda for Sustainable Development. Based on a qualitative research strategy, theory building methodology and various methodological techniques (surveys, policy and literature review, group and individual interviews), this research suggests that the advancement of HEfSD in policy, curriculum and practice depends largely on a better understanding of existing gaps, target areas, commonalities and differences across regional HEfSD agendas. This will hopefully provide higher education institutions and their stakeholders across regions with some conceptual and practical tools to consider strategically how HEfSD can successfully be integrated into policy, curriculum and practice in alignment with SDGs and with the overall mandate of the Global Agenda for Sustainable Development.

Chapter 1. Envisioning the mangrove future through mapping and modelling of mangrove ecosystem services -- Chapter 2. Monitoring Spatial and Temporal Distribution, Pattern and Trend Prediction of Coastal Mangroves in Pakistan using Geospatial Techniques -- Chapter 3.Assessment of mangrove colonization of aquaculture ponds through satellite image analysis: Implications for mangrove management -- Chapter 4. Ecosystem services and their future scenarios centring on mangrove ecosystem in Ishigaki Island, Japan -- Chapter 5. A participatory stakeholder-based approach to assess the drivers and challenges of mangrove loss in Kochi, Kerala, India -- Chapter 6.Understanding potential drivers of mangrove loss in Bhitarkanika and Mahanadi Delta, India to enhance effective restoration and conservation efforts -- Chapter 7. Advancement in measurement and estimation methods of blue carbon studies -- Chapter 8. Change mapping of aboveground carbon stocks and ecosystem services in the mangrove forest of Andaman Islands - implications for conservation and Ecosystem-Based Adaptation -- Chapter 9.Depicting Mangrove's Potential as Blue Carbon Champion in Indonesia -- Chapter 10. Eco-engineering and mangrove restoration methods to stabilize earthen embankments and establishing bio-shield against natural disasters: a case study from Sundarban Ramsar Wetland, India -- Chapter 11. Ecosystem Services of Urban Fringe Mangrove Forests: The Case of Tamsui River Estuary Mangrove Forest, Taiwan -- Chapter 12. Diversity and Structural Characteristics of Mangrove Forests in the Southern District of Oriental Mindoro, Philippines -- Chapter 13. Cultural Ecosystem Services of Mangroves: A Review of Models and Methods -- Chapter 14. Capacity-building around indigenous and local knowledge (ILK) systems for effective climate adaptation in the low-lying coasts and small-islands -- Chapter 15. Ecosystem services and well-being in the Sundarbans of Bangladesh: A multiple evidence base trajectory -- Chapter 16. Fostering Mangrove Ecosystem Services for Resilient Future of the Asia-Pacific: A Knowledge Synthesis.

Sustainability science probes interactions between global, social, and human systems, the complex mechanisms that lead to degradation of these systems, and concomitant risks to human well-being. As a transdisciplinary academic discipline, it can point the way to a sustainable global society by identifying and addressing complex challenges that traditional academic disciplines have not addressed. As it can no longer be considered a new field, it is the right time to take stock of what we have learned in recent sustainability science research, and how to apply this to the sustainability challenge of our time, which is the success of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The SDGs combine efforts to eradicate poverty and increase the development of poor countries with decreasing the human footprint on the environment. They will take a more inclusive and diverse approach by mobilizing actors in both developed and developing countries. Now serious sustainable development problems dominate policy discussion in many countries, but with little actual results in terms of complex global environmental problems like climate change. Where progress in social indicators is made, it often comes at an environmental cost. Inter-linkages across different goals will be a challenging area of research, and the inherent trade-offs and complexity of such an effort require that related policies be informed by a science of sustainability. New accounting measures will be required to monitor implementation of SDGs, such as with an inclusive index of well-being by including natural and human capital as well as manufactured capital into national accounts. The SDGs and progressively more inclusive accounting methods are a response to the rather narrow focus on economic growth that creates inequality and undermines sustainability, and there is a need for research into how measuring wealth inclusively can support SDG implementation. This special issue presents a critical analysis of the SDGs from the perspective of how the science community can best contribute to their implementation through scenario analysis, stakeholder partnerships, regional analyses, and ultimately policy impact. & Osamu Saito saito@unu.edu

This book summarizes three years of extensive research conducted in Sri Lanka, Indonesia and Vietnam as part of the CECAR - Asia project, which was intended to enhance resilience to climate and ecosystem changes by developing mosaic systems to strengthen resilience of bio-production systems through the integration of large-scale modern agriculture systems with traditional, decentralized small-scale systems. The book starts with climate downscaling and impact assessment in rural Asia, and then explores various adaptation options and measures by utilizing modern science and traditional knowledge including home garden systems and ancient irrigation systems. The book subsequently examines the influence of climatic and ecological changes and the vulnerability of social economies from quantitative and qualitative standpoints, applying econometric and statistical models in agriculture communities of Asia to do so. The main goal of all chapters and case studies presented here is to identify the merits of applying organic methods to both commercial large-scale production and traditional production to strengthen social resilience and promote sustainable development. Especially at a time when modern agriculture systems are highly optimized but run the risk of failure due to changes in the climate and ecosystem, this book offers viable approaches to developing an integrated framework of modern and traditional systems to enhance productivity and total system resilience, as illustrated in various case studies

AbstractAgricultural land accounts for 37% of the world's terrestrial area, and the multiple functions of agroecosystems—providing food, soil and water retention, and various cultural services—are of great importance for sustainable land management. To ensure that multifunctionality, payment for ecosystem services (PES) schemes have been developed for heterogeneous agroecosystems. However, the effects of the schemes have not been fully measured because, in most cases, they have been implemented as action-oriented programs rather than outcome-based payments. This study examines the effect of a community-based PES (CB-PES) program on the prevention of farmland abandonment to assess the agricultural outcomes of PES implementation in hilly and mountainous areas in Japan. We interviewed farmers in enrolled communities, mapped enrolled plots, and analyzed agricultural census data on the socioeconomic characteristics and farmland management conditions of 12,261 farmers in 960 agricultural communities in a typical hilly and mountainous area of Noto Peninsula in northern Japan. The results confirm that direct payments are effective in enhancing community management and in preventing additional farmland abandonment. In addition, we found that several socioeconomic and environmental factors at both the community and farmer levels—including geographical conditions, collective management activities, absence of successors, farm scale, and off-farm income dependency—simultaneously affected the farmland abandonment process. Specifically, collective practices within and between communities is a significant factor in preventing farmland abandonment more than collaboration with outsiders. Considering the depopulation and aging of rural communities throughout Japan, intercommunity enrollment could improve the effectiveness of CB-PES by upscaling the current payment scheme to maintain community functions.

This open access book presents up-to-date analyses of community-based approaches to sustainable resource management of SEPLS (socio-ecological production landscapes and seascapes) in areas where a harmonious relationship between the natural environment and the people who inhabit it is essential to ensure community and environmental well-being as well as to build resilience in the ecosystems that support this well-being. Understanding SEPLS and the forces of change that can weaken their resilience requires the integration of knowledge across a wide range of academic disciplines as well as from indigenous knowledge and experience. Moreover, given the wide variation in the socio-ecological makeup of SEPLS around the globe, as well as in their political and economic contexts, individual communities will be at the forefront of developing the measures appropriate for their unique circumstances. This in turn requires robust communication systems and broad participatory approaches. Sustainability science (SuS) research is highly integrated, participatory and solutions driven, and as such is well suited to the study of SEPLS. Through case studies, literature reviews and SuS analyses, the book explores various approaches to stakeholder participation, policy development and appropriate action for the future of SEPLS. It provides communities, researchers and decision-makers at various levels with new tools and strategies for exploring scenarios and creating future visions for sustainable societies.