Suchergebnisse

Higher education in Lithuania and its legal regulations constantly undergo various changes—necessary, timely, quite chaotic and fragmented. It is also important to note that legal regulation of higher education is harmonized and correlates with other means of state regulation—financing, quality (licensing, accreditation, external evaluation), formation and development of political activity strategy. There have recently been a number of reforms implemented in the field of higher education, related to financing of higher education, management, quality control and assurance, transformations of influence of the state institutions. Therefore, scientific research of these processes is relevant, important and timely. The quality assurance system of higher education in Lithuania was and still is one of the essential issues of higher education. The legal regulation of different aspects of quality assurance of higher education is insufficient, and certain dysfunctions and ineffectiveness may be preserved. The object of this research is the system of higher education quality assurance in Lithuania and dysfunctions of its legal regulation. The aim of this research is to analyze the problems of the state regulation in the field of higher education quality assurance. In this research models and ways of ensuring quality of higher education are analyzed, as well as influence of the scope of the autonomy of higher education institutions and state regulation on the quality of higher education in Lithuania.

Higher education in Lithuania and its legal regulations constantly undergo various changes—necessary, timely, quite chaotic and fragmented. It is also important to note that legal regulation of higher education is harmonized and correlates with other means of state regulation—financing, quality (licensing, accreditation, external evaluation), formation and development of political activity strategy. There have recently been a number of reforms implemented in the field of higher education, related to financing of higher education, management, quality control and assurance, transformations of influence of the state institutions. Therefore, scientific research of these processes is relevant, important and timely. The quality assurance system of higher education in Lithuania was and still is one of the essential issues of higher education. The legal regulation of different aspects of quality assurance of higher education is insufficient, and certain dysfunctions and ineffectiveness may be preserved. The object of this research is the system of higher education quality assurance in Lithuania and dysfunctions of its legal regulation. The aim of this research is to analyze the problems of the state regulation in the field of higher education quality assurance. In this research models and ways of ensuring quality of higher education are analyzed, as well as influence of the scope of the autonomy of higher education institutions and state regulation on the quality of higher education in Lithuania.

The aim of this research was to analyse the legal regulation of the selected higher education institutions in Lithuania in the period of 1918–1940 and to disclose the political and historical context and its impact on the legal regulation. For this purpose, the legal documents regulating the activities of high schools were examined. Also, further tasks were set: to identify the prevailing governance concepts of higher education institutions, to disclose the grounds for choosing the specific concept and to evaluate the corresponding governance concept; to estimate the impact of state government on the legal regulation of higher education system.

The aim of this research was to analyse the legal regulation of the selected higher education institutions in Lithuania in the period of 1918–1940 and to disclose the political and historical context and its impact on the legal regulation. For this purpose, the legal documents regulating the activities of high schools were examined. Also, further tasks were set: to identify the prevailing governance concepts of higher education institutions, to disclose the grounds for choosing the specific concept and to evaluate the corresponding governance concept; to estimate the impact of state government on the legal regulation of higher education system.

The new European Union Regulations on the use of unmanned aerial systems (UASs) is another but not the last step in regulating the use of the technology. One of their purposes is to mitigate risks on privacy and protection of personal data, arising from the operation of UASs. While the 'U-space' system, among others, including remote identification is at the development stage only, privacy-related aspects in the Regulations (EU) 2019/945 and 2019/947 may already be analysed. The authors hold that to achieve effective protection of privacy in the field of the use of UASs, it is essential to ensure effective identification of UAS operator, therefore the exceptions of the requirement to equip the UASs with remote identification add-ons could be a loophole for abuse.

The usage of Internet by children is increasing, both with regard to the number of children going online and time spent on Internet, as well as it became a dominant and primary channel through which they communicate with one another. It is obvious, that ICTs can open a door to a better future for children, offering greater access to learning, interests contents and other benefits that can help them fulfil their potential, but in addition to that, the expansion of availability and accessibility of ICTs has also created a number of threats to person's and especially to children's safety, who are particularly vulnerable to ICT-facilitated crimes or cybercrimes.1 While increased and more frequent usage of ICTs entails a heightened risk of infringements on privacy and safety for all users, children are at particular risk, as they often do not fully understand the threats associated with these technologies, especially when it comes to sharing of personal information, photos or videos. Each EU country has own law system based on its historical and cultural aspects, but cybersecurity is equally important for all of them. It proves the fact that cybercrimes were recognized as one of the EU Policy Cycle's priorities and a special role in this list belongs to improving the safety of children online. The main aim of this priority is combating child sexual abuse (CSA) and child sexual exploitation (CSE), including the production and dissemination of CSAM and CSEM. The aim of the article is to identify main threats to children's safety in cyberspace and to evaluate the EU's normative acts which put an order in this problem for promoting the understanding of the EU security policy and to evaluate opportunities of cyberspace improvement for children's safety. To achieve the mentioned aim, further tasks are settled: to analyze ICT solutions, international legal acts, and tools, which provide the opportunity for the EU's police organizations to enhance the possibility to detect, investigate and prevent CSA and CSE in cyberspace; to provide recommendations for improving methods of detection, investigation and prevention of CSA and CSE in cyberspace; to reveal what can be improved in the field of international police cooperation in order to ensure successful detection and investigation of CSA and CSE in cyberspace.

The usage of Internet by children is increasing, both with regard to the number of children going online and time spent on Internet, as well as it became a dominant and primary channel through which they communicate with one another. It is obvious, that ICTs can open a door to a better future for children, offering greater access to learning, interests contents and other benefits that can help them fulfil their potential, but in addition to that, the expansion of availability and accessibility of ICTs has also created a number of threats to person's and especially to children's safety, who are particularly vulnerable to ICT-facilitated crimes or cybercrimes.1 While increased and more frequent usage of ICTs entails a heightened risk of infringements on privacy and safety for all users, children are at particular risk, as they often do not fully understand the threats associated with these technologies, especially when it comes to sharing of personal information, photos or videos. Each EU country has own law system based on its historical and cultural aspects, but cybersecurity is equally important for all of them. It proves the fact that cybercrimes were recognized as one of the EU Policy Cycle's priorities and a special role in this list belongs to improving the safety of children online. The main aim of this priority is combating child sexual abuse (CSA) and child sexual exploitation (CSE), including the production and dissemination of CSAM and CSEM. The aim of the article is to identify main threats to children's safety in cyberspace and to evaluate the EU's normative acts which put an order in this problem for promoting the understanding of the EU security policy and to evaluate opportunities of cyberspace improvement for children's safety. To achieve the mentioned aim, further tasks are settled: to analyze ICT solutions, international legal acts, and tools, which provide the opportunity for the EU's police organizations to enhance the possibility to detect, investigate and prevent CSA and CSE in cyberspace; to provide recommendations for improving methods of detection, investigation and prevention of CSA and CSE in cyberspace; to reveal what can be improved in the field of international police cooperation in order to ensure successful detection and investigation of CSA and CSE in cyberspace.

The usage of Internet by children is increasing, both with regard to the number of children going online and time spent on Internet, as well as it became a dominant and primary channel through which they communicate with one another. It is obvious, that ICTs can open a door to a better future for children, offering greater access to learning, interests contents and other benefits that can help them fulfil their potential, but in addition to that, the expansion of availability and accessibility of ICTs has also created a number of threats to person's and especially to children's safety, who are particularly vulnerable to ICT-facilitated crimes or cybercrimes.1 While increased and more frequent usage of ICTs entails a heightened risk of infringements on privacy and safety for all users, children are at particular risk, as they often do not fully understand the threats associated with these technologies, especially when it comes to sharing of personal information, photos or videos. Each EU country has own law system based on its historical and cultural aspects, but cybersecurity is equally important for all of them. It proves the fact that cybercrimes were recognized as one of the EU Policy Cycle's priorities and a special role in this list belongs to improving the safety of children online. The main aim of this priority is combating child sexual abuse (CSA) and child sexual exploitation (CSE), including the production and dissemination of CSAM and CSEM. The aim of the article is to identify main threats to children's safety in cyberspace and to evaluate the EU's normative acts which put an order in this problem for promoting the understanding of the EU security policy and to evaluate opportunities of cyberspace improvement for children's safety. To achieve the mentioned aim, further tasks are settled: to analyze ICT solutions, international legal acts, and tools, which provide the opportunity for the EU's police organizations to enhance the possibility to detect, investigate and prevent CSA and CSE in cyberspace; to provide recommendations for improving methods of detection, investigation and prevention of CSA and CSE in cyberspace; to reveal what can be improved in the field of international police cooperation in order to ensure successful detection and investigation of CSA and CSE in cyberspace.

It is necessary to admit that people's understanding of what security is has changed over the years. Now the concept has a broader meaning and it is not associated with military only. The changed understanding of the concept of security has been influenced not only by better legal regulation of people's behavior, but also by technological breakthrough in our daily lives, by highlighting the importance of protection of fundamental rights and by critical approach to various things. The authors of this article seek to adjust appropriate concept for society's security, encompassing various aspects, for example, environmental, military, economic, etc. ; Tiek įvairios tarptautinės organizacijos, tiek akademikai vartoja įvairias saugumo sąvokas. Kai kurie iš jų tvirtina, kad saugumą apibrėžti neutraliai yra neįmanoma, o kai kurie šią sąvoką vadina "apleista", nes ji mažai analizuojama. Akivaizdu, kad saugumo sąvoka su laiku kito, o šiais laikais saugumas suprantamas daug plačiau, t. y. kaip apimantis ne tik fizinį valstybių saugumą (apsaugą nuo karo), bet saugumą ir kitose srityse: ekonominėje, politinėje, aplinkosauginėje ir kt. Siekiant apibrėžti saugumą taip, kaip jis suprantamas dabar (t. y. apimantis įvairias saugotinas vertybes, ne tik fizinį asmenų ar valstybių saugumą), analizuojamos įvairios saugumo sąvokos, kurios galėtų būti labiausiai susijusios su tokiu visaapimančiu saugumu. Straipsnyje pirmiausia analizuojama B. Buzano teorijoje apie valstybių saugumą minima viena iš saugumo rūšių – visuomenės saugumas (ang. "societal security"), tačiau pažymėtina, kad būtent šios krypties požiūriu, visuomenės saugumas iš esmės susijęs su nacionalinio identiteto išsaugojimu, bet ne su kitomis vertybėmis (kadangi kitų vertybių apsauga įvardijama kaip atskiros saugumo rūšys). Kad ir kaip būtų, analizuojant Šiaurės valstybių požiūrį į minėtą sąvoką (ang. "Noridc societal security") padaryta išvada, kad visuomenės saugumas šiuo požiūriu yra apimantis daugiau vertybių, reikalingų visuomenei išgyventi. Europos Sąjungos teisės aktuose minima visuomenės saugumo sąvoka (ang. "public security"), išanalizavus Europos Teisingumo teismo praktikos pavyzdžius, taip pat apima ne tik fizinį valstybės narės ar jos gyventojų saugumą, bet ir kitus aspektus (pvz., gyvybiškai svarbių išteklių tiekimo nepertraukiamumo apsaugą). Taigi darytina išvada, kad sąvoka "visuomenės saugumas" galėtų būti vartojama siekiant apibrėžti ne tik fizinį visuomenės saugumą, bet ir saugumą kitais aspektais. Kad ir kaip bebūtų, kadangi neįmanoma visaapimančio saugumo apibrėžti vieno ar dviejų žodžių sąvoka (konceptualizuoti), autorės rekomenduoja, net ir vartojant sąvoka "visuomenės saugumas", apibrėžti, kokias visuomenei reikšmingas vertybes jis apsaugo.

It is necessary to admit that people's understanding of what security is has changed over the years. Now the concept has a broader meaning and it is not associated with military only. The changed understanding of the concept of security has been influenced not only by better legal regulation of people's behavior, but also by technological breakthrough in our daily lives, by highlighting the importance of protection of fundamental rights and by critical approach to various things. The authors of this article seek to adjust appropriate concept for society's security, encompassing various aspects, for example, environmental, military, economic, etc.

It is necessary to admit that people's understanding of what security is has changed over the years. Now the concept has a broader meaning and it is not associated with military only. The changed understanding of the concept of security has been influenced not only by better legal regulation of people's behavior, but also by technological breakthrough in our daily lives, by highlighting the importance of protection of fundamental rights and by critical approach to various things. The authors of this article seek to adjust appropriate concept for society's security, encompassing various aspects, for example, environmental, military, economic, etc.

The prohibition of torture is also to be found in almost all domestic legal systems. Article 3 imposes both negative and positive obligations: that is an obligation to refrain from certain action, and obligations to take positive action to secure individuals their rights and to protect them from prohibited treatment. However, the numerous cases of the European Court on Human Rights indicates, that there is no clear understanding of the content and scope of the prohibition of torture or strong will of the state governments to respect this right. Therefore the object of the research is the content of the right not to be tortured, the obligations of the states in respect of this right and possible derogations in the conditions of public safety protection, the objective of this article is to disclose the scope of the prohibition to torture foreseen in Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights and to discuss the possible circumstances in which a state may legitimately interfere with the exercise of this right basing its actions on protection of public safety. ; Europos žmogaus teisių ir pagrindinių laisvių apsaugos konvencija, pasirašyta 1950 m., tapo itin svarbiu žmogaus teisių apsaugos mechanizmu visose Europos Tarybos šalyse narėse. Šiame straipsnyje dėmesys sutelkiamas kankinamo, nežmoniško ir žiauraus elgesio draudimui. Kankinimo draudimas yra viena iš svarbiausių fundamentaliųjų žmogaus teisių, kuri indikuoja pagrindines visuomenės demokratines vertybes, todėl jos interpretacijos ir įgyvendinimas turi būti vykdomas atsižvelgiant į visus įmanomus šios teisės aspektus. Daug tarptautinių ir regioninių teisinių instrumentų tiesiogiai kalba apie draudimą kankinti ar žeminti asmenį, Europos lygmenyje vienas iš svarbiausių dokumentų, ginančių šią teisę, yra Europos žmogaus teisių ir pagrindinių laisvių apsaugos konvencija (jos 3 straipsnis). Šiame dokumente numatyta, jog kankinimų draudimas yra absoliutus ir jo turi būti paisoma visose ir bet kurioje situacijoje nepaisant jokių aplinkybių. Valstybės institucijos ir pareigūnai negali pažeisti šios teisės ar kitaip ją paneigti. Valstybei nustatyti pozityvūs bei negatyvūs įpareigojimai šios teisės atžvilgiu: tai yra, įpareigojimas susilaikyti nuo veiksmų, galinčių pažeisti šią teisę; įpareigojimas imtis veiksmų siekiant užkirsti kelią galimiems šios teisės pažeidimams; įpareigojimas užtikrinti, kad asmenys gautų visą galimą valstybės paramą bei politinius ir teisinius instrumentus tiriant jų atžvilgiu padarytus šios teisės pažeidimus. Esama daug veiksmų, kurie gali būti traktuojami kaip teisės nebūti kankinamam pažeidimai. Įvairiose situacijose, vertinant, ar elgesys asmens atžvilgiu buvo žeminantis, nežmoniškas ir kankinamas, yra vertinama aukos amžius, lytis, fizinė ir psichinė sveikata. Teisė nebūti kankinamam Europos žmogaus teisių konvencijoje išreikšta gana abstrakčiai, todėl ypatingą svarbą įgauna Europos žmogaus teisių teismo praktika aiškinant šios teisės turinį ir apimtį bei nurodant galimus teisės apribojimo aspektus. Didelis tokių bylų skaičius Europos žmogaus teisių teisme liudija, jog šios teisės turinys ir apsaugos ribos nėra iki galo suvoktos valstybių ir jų pareigūnų. Todėl šio straipsnio objektas yra kankinimo draudimo turinio ir ribų analizė, taip pat valstybių įsipareigojimų apimtis šios teisės atžvilgiu visuomenės saugumo kontekste. Straipsnio tikslas yra atskleisti teisės nebūti kankinamam bei nepatirti žeminančio, nežmoniško elgesio turinį, valstybės įpareigojimų įgyvendinant šią teisę apimtį ir ribas bei galimus šios teisės apribojimus. Straipsnyje siekiama aptarti atvejus, kai valstybei leidžiama riboti šios teisės įgyvendinimą, todėl yra analizuojama Europos žmogaus teisių teismo praktika.

The importance of the right to education reaches far beyond education itself. The right to education is recognized, promoted and protected at all levels— from local to global. The concept of each human right constitutes a dual perception—human rights are personified and there are particular duty-bearers, most often the states, which have certain obligations to preserve and protect those rights. This article summarizes governmental obligations, foreseen in international and regional legal human rights' instruments, corresponding to the right to education in its entirety. The conceptual framework for the content and scope of the right to education is established by different human rights institutions and judicial bodies and implicates the concept of quantitative and qualitative measures, expressed by four guidelines—availability, accessibility, acceptability, adaptability. ; Teisė į mokslą yra viena iš fundamentaliųjų socialinių, ekonominių ir kultūrinių teisių. Šios teisės svarba ypač akivaizdi besikeičiančiame globalizacijos pasaulyje, nes teisė į išsilavinimą yra ne tik žmogaus teisė per se, bet ir būtina priemonė įgyvendinant kitas žmogaus teises, kuriant teisines ir ekonomines priemones socialinei atskirčiai, diskriminacijai, skurdui mažinti. Teisė į mokslą yra įtvirtinta daugelyje tarptautinių ir regioninių žmogaus teises ginančių teisinių instrumentų. Įvairios teisminės ir kvaziteisminės tarptautinės organizacijos bei institucijos įgyvendino tarptautinių dokumentų nuostatas, taip pat analizavo pažeidimus bylose bei ataskaitose, rekomendacijose suformulavo teisės į mokslą įpareigojimų valstybėms gaires. Tačiau reikia pripažinti, jog, nors yra teisiniai ir socialiniai mechanizmai saugoti bei ginti šią teisę, didžioji dalis pasaulio valstybių nesiėmė visų galimų administracinių ir įstatymų priemonių praktiškai užtikrinti teisės į mokslą įgyvendinimą. Kai kuriais atvejais tai nulemia valstybių skurdas, kartais tam tikri apribojimai ir pažeidimai yra nukreipti specifinės pažeidžiamos grupės atžvilgiu (pvz., tautinės mažumos, žmonės su negalia ir kt.). Įtakos teisės įgyvendinimui turi ir jos ekonominis, socialinis, kultūrinis pobūdis, nes šios grupės teisių interpretavimas bei realizavimas dažniausiai siejamas su reliatyviais valstybių įsipareigojimais atsižvelgiant į jų ekonomines ir socialines galimybes. Todėl teisė į mokslą paradoksaliai tampa vis labiau teorine teisine paradigma nei socialine realybe, neišvengiamai kyla ir diskusijų dėl pačios teisės apimties bei turinio. Tradiciškai teisės į mokslą turinys įvairiuose tarptautiniuose teisės dokumentuose yra apibrėžiamas konkrečiai ir aiškiai: nemokamas ir privalomas pradinis mokymas, visiems prieinamas vidurinis išsilavinimas (progresyviai įdiegiant nemokamą ir šią mokslo grandį), vienoda galimybė pagal kiekvieno gebėjimus visiems įgyti aukštąjį išsimokslinimą. Nors šios nuostatos yra pakankamai aiškios, didžiausias trūkumas yra jų deklaratyvumas ir daugiaprasmiškumas. Todėl tarptautinių organizacijų iniciatyva buvo suformuluota teisės į mokslą turinio ir masto koncepcija, nustatanti įpareigojimą įgyvendinant šią teisę atitikti galimumo, prieinamumo, priimtinumo, pritaikomumo reikalavimus. Šios nuostatos laipsniškai buvo patvirtintos ir tarptautinių bei regioninių teismų praktikoje. Tokia teisės į mokslą turinio percepcija suteikia galimybę valstybėms ir patiems teisės adresatams geriau suprasti ginamas vertybes bei nustatytus įpareigojimus ir įgyvendinti teisinio tikrumo, taip pat teisėtų lūkesčių principus teisinėmis priemonėmis ginant pažeistą teisę į mokslą.