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ABSTRACTThere is a long history of the use of inflatable dams (rubber dams) in Hong Kong. Three inflatable dams were constructed in the 1960s as an integral part of the Plover Cove water supply scheme which was the largest project in Hong Kong at that time. However, because most civil‐engineering structures are constructed from steel, concrete, soil and rock, the use of rubber as a construction material is subject to much scepticism. The problems and counter‐measures associated with the use of rubber are discussed, based upon the experience of several departments which have used the dams in Hong Kong, and in other parts of the world.

Der Autor begründet die Notwendigkeit einer europäischen Umweltpolitik zum einen mit der grenzüberschreitenden Natur vieler Umweltprobleme und zum zweiten mit den zu vermeidenden Folgen einer Störung des Gemeinsamen Marktes. In diesem Zusammenhang wird auf die enge Verflechtung der niederländischen Wirtschaft mit den EG-Ländern und die Tatsache hingewiesen, daß in die EG exportierte Waren in hohem Umfang aus Industriezweigen mit relativ hohen Umweltkosten stammen. Der Verfasser geht darüber hinaus auf die Bedeutung europäischer Umweltschutzvorschriften für die niederländische Wirtschaft und einige Problembereiche der europäischen Umweltpoltik aus der Sicht des Zentralverbands Niederländischer Unternehmen ein. Hierbei werden insbesondere die Unterschiede zwischen der niederländischen und der europäischen Politik und Probleme bei der Formulierung und Durchführung europäischer Umweltschutzvorschriften hervorgehoben, wobei Probleme des Entscheidungsprozesses in der EG im Zentrum stehen. Abschließend werden einige Maßnahmen zur Verbesserung der EG-Umweltpolitik vorgeschlagen. (KS)

SummaryA sample of 442 males living in Amsterdam and convicted for ill-treatment without malice prepense in 1970 and 1971, was drawn from the files of the Central Bureau of Statistics in The Netherlands to study a possible relationship between the birth month of male offenders, the annual period of perpetration and the age at which the offence is committed. The results suggest that in Amsterdam the perpetration of aggressive delinquencies during the annual period is to some degree correlated with the (calendar) month of birth. It seems that particular seasonal conditions only have an effect if these occur within a limited period before or after the birth month. Additionally, a long-term effect has been found, showing that the age at which the offence is committed is to some degree correlated with the month of birth. So far, causal factors are not known. However, other studies suggest the influence of seasonal meteorological conditions, although periodical social factors should not be excluded.

Instead of divorce rates per 1000 married population, the actual divorce percentages expressed as the proportion of marriages contracted in successive years since 1911 are calculated from a random sample of 3392 first marriages in Amsterdam. The results show the highest divorce percentages for younger men, decreasing from 40% if they were married at 19 years of age to 12% if they were married at 30 years of age. Women attained these values if married at 17 and 28 years of age, respectively. The divorce percentage has increased from 10% for marriages contracted in 1911 to 20% for those contracted in the period 1941–45. The linear increase suggests that about 25% of marriages contracted in the period 1966–70 will end in divorce. This trend seems to depend on changes in the median age of marriage as well as on different divorce tendencies for men marrying at different ages.It is hoped that the method of calculating divorce trends according to the year of marriage, and to specific age-groups, as used in this study, might yield more information about the range of the divorce problem than the more traditional methods of populations statistics.

In contrast to India, where communal affrays were ordinary incidents of life, there was little inter-communal hostility in Ceylon throughout British rule. The clash between the Sinhalese and the Muslims that occurred in May–June 1915 was the major exception to this general trend of peace and tranquillity2. Not only did the disturbance take the Ceylon government by surprise, it placed the Colonial Office in a quandary. In this paper it is proposed to examine the reactions of the Ceylon government and the Colonial Office to what was an unprecedented disturbance in the 'senior colony of the new empire'3.