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International audience ; In a digital context that is profoundly transforming social interactions in different domains and at different levels, the label "communication rights" (CRs) has emerged in recent years suggesting the need to better articulate the principles and rights pertaining to communication processes in society: principles and rights which should be recognized as guidelines to set normative standards of behavior in such a transformed communicative environment. A plurality of reflections and initiatives have evolved around this concept, many of which stressed the need for a democratization of media systems, discourses and practices in a glocal environment that is more and more characterized by the diffusion and use of information and communication technologies that can be both democracy enabling - thanks to their potential in fostering transparency, publicity, and participation - but also democracy constraining, if we consider the several challenges posed by the possibility to interfere with and control individual data and personal communications, individual and collective access to information and people's freedom to express their views and ideas. Yet, the CRs concept remains controversial and further efforts are needed to contribute to a conceptual clarification that is required if such concept and related principles are to inform policy-making processes. We therefore propose a contribution that focuses on evolving discourses concerning fundamental rights and freedoms in communication societies, bringing our different disciplinary perspectives into a dialogue; we look at different settings where the discourse on human rights and communication is being elaborated, and we build on a shared constructivist approach to assess if we are in fact witnessing the emergence of communication rightsrelated norms in the transnational context.

International audience ; In a digital context that is profoundly transforming social interactions in different domains and at different levels, the label "communication rights" (CRs) has emerged in recent years suggesting the need to better articulate the principles and rights pertaining to communication processes in society: principles and rights which should be recognized as guidelines to set normative standards of behavior in such a transformed communicative environment. A plurality of reflections and initiatives have evolved around this concept, many of which stressed the need for a democratization of media systems, discourses and practices in a glocal environment that is more and more characterized by the diffusion and use of information and communication technologies that can be both democracy enabling - thanks to their potential in fostering transparency, publicity, and participation - but also democracy constraining, if we consider the several challenges posed by the possibility to interfere with and control individual data and personal communications, individual and collective access to information and people's freedom to express their views and ideas. Yet, the CRs concept remains controversial and further efforts are needed to contribute to a conceptual clarification that is required if such concept and related principles are to inform policy-making processes. We therefore propose a contribution that focuses on evolving discourses concerning fundamental rights and freedoms in communication societies, bringing our different disciplinary perspectives into a dialogue; we look at different settings where the discourse on human rights and communication is being elaborated, and we build on a shared constructivist approach to assess if we are in fact witnessing the emergence of communication rightsrelated norms in the transnational context.

In this chapter we discuss recent developments and challenges in European media and communication policy, focussing on the period since the 2008 global financial crisis. We are especially interested in the implications of the financial crisis and its political repercussions nationally (austerity measures and cuts to public services as well as growing anti-politics sentiments and widespread dissatisfaction with free-market capitalism and representative democracy) for media and communication policy, understood here in a broad sense, so to include all electronic communications, such as the Internet, mobile communications, social media etc. Our overarching concern is with the implications of developments in media and communication policy for the democratic functions of the media in Europe.

Chapter 1. Changing Geopolitics of Global Communication Governance in a post-Covid World. Daya Thussu -- Chapter 2. The Turn of the Pink Tide: lessons from Latin American media policies. Guillermo Mastrini, Patricia Marenghi, Angel Badillo -- Chapter 3. Theorizing ICT Governance in Small Island Developing States: A Global South context. Alpha Obika -- Chapter 4. The Growing Fragmentation of Global Internet Policy: The nationalisation of internet regulation and its consequences. Julia Pohle, Daniel Voelson -- Chapter 5: The EU's Digital Services Act and Changes to US Antitrust Laws. Allison Harcourt -- Chapter 6. Title TBC. Maria Michalis -- Chapter 7. Spheres of Cooperaton: Participation, deception and enhanced cooperation in internet governance. Luca Belli -- Chapter 8. The Return of the Regulatory State: Nation-states as policy actors in digital platform governance. Terry Flew -- Chapter 9. Policy Responses to Digital Communication Platforms. Lean d'Haenens, Hanno Nieminen, Barbara Thomass, Josef Trappel -- Chapter 10. Anchoring Digital Rights: Digital constitutionalism in hard times. Edoardo Celeste, Dennis Redeker, Mauro Santaniello -- Chapter 11. Seeking Anchors of Equity and Social Justice in the Digital Domain. J. Parminder Singh, S. O'Siochru, S. Burch -- Chapter 12. Rethinking Global Communication Governance through Gender-transformative Lenses. Claudia Padovani, Aimee Vega Montiel, Kaithy Mendes -- Chapter 13. Understanding Infrastructure as (Internet) Governance. Francesa Musiani -- Chapter 14. Drafting Laws for High Stakes Technologies in Times of Crisis: Participatory internet law during a global pandemic. Lilian Edwards -- Chapter 15. The Public and Private Techlash: New coalitions and strategic directions in the pursuit of legitimate governance of online content. Jeremy Shtern, Stephanie Hill -- Chapter 16. Methods for Media Policy Research. Manuel Puppis, Hilde Van de Bulck -- Chapter 17. World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development. Guy Berger -- Chapter 18. Title TBC. Preeti Ragunath.

Issues of women's underrepresentation and invisibility in news content and limited access to managerial and decision-making positions, as well as a gendered division of labour in news covering, have been on the international agenda since the mid 1990s, raising concerns about news media diversity and accessibility. More recently, gender pay gaps, discrimination, and harassment in newsrooms and in the online environment – and the limited extent to which media policies and self-regulatory measures have addressed these issues – have also been highlighted, signalling that basic democratic principles of freedom of expression and participation are at stake if women's views and concerns are not acknowledged nor structural aspects of gender inequality addressed. Gender equality in and through the media is crucial for democracy. This chapter provides a gender-aware analysis of the democratic performance of leading news media using data from the 2021 Media for Democracy Monitor (MDM). Similarities and differences among the 18 participating countries are highlighted, and several dimensions of inequality are discussed. We call for sustained commitment to overcoming inequalities through gender-responsive research and media practices.