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The Australian Parliament and press freedom in an international context
The article reports on a study using grounded theory methodology to track the contexts in which Australian parliamentarians used the expressions 'press freedom' and 'freedom of press' over the ten years from 1994 to 2004. It uses ParliamentryHansardrecords to identify the speeches in which discussions of press freedom arose. Interestingly, the terms were used by members of the House of Representativies or Senate in just 78 speeches out of more than 180,000 over that decade. Those usages have been coded to develop a theory about the interface between press freedom and the parliament. This article reports just one aspect of the findings from the larger study—the way parliamentarians have contrasted the value of press freedom in Australia with press freedom in other countries. It is one step towards building a broader theory of press freedom in the Australian parliamentary context.
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POLITICAL JOURNALISM: Censorship in Australia: Intrusions into media freedom flying beneath the international free expression radar
Australia has ranked among the top 30 nations in recent world press freedom surveys published by Reporters Without Borders (RSF) and Freedom House and is broadly regarded as a substantially free Western liberal democracy. This article considers how the methodologies of those organisations assess the impact upon media freedom of a range of recent decisions and actions by Australian politicians, judges and government agencies. There is considerable evidence of a shift towards official secrecy and suppression of information flow. However, according to this analysis such developments are unlikely to impact significantly on Australia's international ranking in media freedom indices. This article uses the methodologies of RSF and Freedom House to explore whether the international free expression organisations' criteria are justifiably weighted towards violence against journalists, their imprisonment and formal anti-press laws and might allow for a nuanced comparison of other evidence of constraints on the news media in developed democracies.
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POLITICAL JOURNALISM: Shield laws in Australia: Legal and ethical implications for journalists and their confidential sources
This article examines whether Australia's current shield law regime meets journalists' expectations and whistleblower needs in an era of unprecedented official surveillance capabilities. According to the peak journalists' organisation, the Media, Entertainment and Arts Alliance (MEAA), two recent Australian court cases 'despite their welcome outcome for our members, clearly demonstrate Australia's patchy and disparate journalist shields fail to do their job' (MEAA, 2014a). Journalists' recent court experiences exposed particular shield law inadequacies, including curious omissions or ambiguities in legislative drafting (Fernandez, 2014c, p. 131); the 'unusual difficulty' that a case may present (Hancock Prospecting No 2, 2014, para 7); the absence of definitive statutory protection in three jurisdictions—Queensland, South Australia and the Northern Territory (Fernandez, 2014b, p. 26); and the absence of uniform shield laws where such law is available (Fernandez, 2014b, pp. 26-28). This article examines the following key findings of a national survey of practising journalists: (a) participants' general profile; (b) familiarity with shield laws; (c) perceptions of shield law effectiveness and coverage; (d) perceptions of story outcomes when relying on confidential sources; and (e) concerns about official surveillance and enforcement. The conclusion briefly considers the significance and limitations of this research; future research directions; some reform and training directions; and notes that the considerable efforts to secure shield laws in Australia might be jeopardised without better training of journalists about the laws themselves and how surveillance technologies and powers might compromise source confidentiality.
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A Good Time for Making Work Pay? Taking Stock of In-Work Benefits and Related Measures across the OECD
The twin problem of in-work poverty and persistent labour market difficulties of low-skilled individuals has been one of the most important drivers of tax-benefit policy reforms in OECD countries in recent years. Employment-conditional cash transfers to individuals facing particular labour-market challenges have been a core element of "make-work-pay" policies for some time and are now in use in more than half of the OECD countries. They are attractive because they redistribute to low-income groups while also creating additional work incentives. But like all social benefits, they have to be financed, which creates additional economic costs for some. This paper discusses the rationale for in-work benefits (IWB), summarises the main design features of programmes operated in OECD countries, and provides an update of what is known about their effectiveness in terms of reducing inequalities and creating employment. As policies aiming to promote self-sufficiency, wage subsidies and minimum wages share a number of the objectives associated with IWB measures. We review evidence on the effectiveness of minimum wages and wage subsidies and discuss links between these policies and IWBs. Finally, we outline some potential consequences of weakening labour markets for the effectiveness of make-work-pay policies.
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SCHWERPUNKT: KINDHEIT IN DEUTSCHLAND 2008: Nie mehr zweite Liga. Unter den Ländern der OECD steht Deutschland familienpolitisch auf einem Abstiegsplatz
In: Berliner Republik: das Debattenmagazin, Heft 1, S. 30-33
ISSN: 1616-4903
Anti-terror laws and the media after 9/11: Three models in Australia, NZ and the Pacific
This article reviews some of the main anti-terrorism laws in Australia and New Zealand and assesses their impact upon the media in the five years since the terrorist attacks on the United States in 2001. It also makes some observations about anti-terrorism laws in the Pacific Islands and recommends further research on this important topic. It identifies the main intrusions into press freedom emanating from such laws and finds quite different approaches with resultant impacts on media freedoms. Australia, while claiming to be a liberal democracy, has taken tough measures against terrorism at the expense of some press freedoms. New Zealand, with freedom of expression protected in itsBill of Rights,has implemented counter-terrorism measures without major limitations on media freedoms. Pacific Island nations, many troubled by internal strife, appear to have been slow to comply with even the very basic international protocols on counter-terrorism.
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Distribution des revenus et pauvreté dans la zone de l'OCDE: Tendances et déterminants
In: Revue économique de l'OCDE, Band 2002, Heft 1, S. 7-41
ISSN: 1684-3444
Income Distribution and Poverty in the OECD Area: Trends and Driving Forces
In: OECD economic studies, Band 2002, Heft 1, S. 7-38
ISSN: 1609-7491
Income distribution and poverty in the OECD area: trends and driving forces
In: OECD journal: economic studies, Band 34, S. 7-39
ISSN: 1995-2848, 0255-0822
UNEMPLOYMENT AND OTHER NONEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS
In: Oxford review of economic policy, Band 11, Heft 1, S. 136-169
ISSN: 1460-2121
Tax Modelling for Economies in Transition
In: Springer eBook Collection
Governments need to know how much revenue their tax systems will raise, who will pay tax and what the effects on the incentives to save, work and invest will be. This book draws on the experience of tax modelling in western European economies and economies in transition to show the range of techniques involved from 'back of the envelope' calculations to sophisticated econometrics. Personal and corporate income taxes are considered, as well as the essential task of developing an appropriate database.
What does it mean to 'use evidence'? Applying a broader understanding to inform the design of strategies to enable the use of evidence
In: Evidence & policy: a journal of research, debate and practice, Band 16, Heft 1, S. 3-5
ISSN: 1744-2656
Collaborative knowledge creation and use: common threads in diverse global fields
In: Evidence & policy: a journal of research, debate and practice, Band 15, Heft 2, S. 175-177
ISSN: 1744-2656
Managing complexity, emotions and politics in evidence use and implementation studies
In: Evidence & policy: a journal of research, debate and practice, Band 15, Heft 1, S. 03-05
ISSN: 1744-2656