Suchergebnisse

This article considers the emergence of e-government in the UK and Sweden by conducting a structured document analysis of relevant government reports. The aim of the research was to examine differences in management planning practice – i.e. how change was planned and executed differently in both states. The key finding was that the focus of digital transformation shifted over time from digitalizing services to digitalizing internal departmental work processes. Both governments enacted change by identifying and supporting new roles and agencies deemed able to drive change. In so doing, both actively sought to balance macro-social and micro-social shaping forces. However, the 'macro' rationales and micro-level practices for digitalizing services also showed some differences of focus in each case.

Based on the results of empirical research, the article shows that higher education should consider the process of formation of students' readiness for professional activity as a psychological and pedagogical problem. This is due to the current system of vocational guidance in secondary schools. As a result, most applicants have no idea about their chosen profession. This makes the problem of forming students' professional readiness for future activities an urgent task of the higher education system. It is shown on the results of the study that, in the opinion of the students themselves, such a task can and should be solved. The results of the study are described, the purpose of which was to identify the level of readiness of students to perform professional activities. The forms of formation of students' readiness for professional activity are considered. Considering the problem of a person's readiness for professional activity in the article, a personality-oriented component containing the properties and qualities of a future specialist is defined as a component, according to psychology. Based on empirical data, it is concluded that the professional readiness in demand today as a set of competencies of a graduate of a higher school, acting as socially significant integrative qualities that are in demand in the field of further professional activity and personal improvement, is the basis of high-quality professional education.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the motivational component as an indicator of a person's psychological readiness for professional activity. Identification of motives, interests and intentions to work in a profession obtained at a technical university is a factor in managing the quality of training of young specialists. The formation of motives for choosing a profession is influenced by a set of measures aimed at preparing young people for a conscious choice of profession, taking into account the abilities of the employee and the situation on the labour market. The article describes the results of a study of the motivational sphere of students of Yaroslavl State Technical University, the purpose of which was to establish the relationship between the process of professional orientation in school years and the process of preparing future students for professional activity at the university. Using the results of the study, the correlation of external and internal factors of the formation of motives for choosing a future profession was revealed. The study recorded an input parameter for the formation of motivation for the professional activity of students of a technical university. The respondents' assessment of the ability to influence the desire to work in the taught specialty was obtained. The tendency of decreasing the role of secondary schools in the organisation of vocational guidance of high school students is confirmed. Based on the results obtained, recommendations are formulated for the formation of internal and external motivation for the profession among students of a technical university. It is concluded that the study of the process of motivating students to professional activity is a topical scientific task.

At the 2021 Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in Glasgow, many leading economies have cemented the intention of achieving carbon neutrality by mid-century (2050-2070). However, the geopolitical and economic crisis of 2022 threatens to reduce the priority of decarbonization policy and postpone the introduction of more restrictive measures. In the face of growing constraints, the choice of climate policy instruments becomes even more complex and important. It is necessary to analyze different options from the low-carbon development policy toolkit, to understand their strengths and weaknesses, and their potential to be used to build a comprehensive policy. This article analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of emissions trading systems (ETS) as a tool for direct carbon pricing - a measure that experts from international organizations, as well as the academic community, believe is essential for achieving climate goals. Despite the fact that carbon taxes (the second option of direct pricing) is easier to implement and administer, many jurisdictions still opt for an ETS. Several factors influence the choice of ETS as a decarbonization tool: if optimally designed, a market-based mechanism provides cost-effective emission reductions, there is potential for linkage into a larger systems, the flexibility of the instrument can also provide additional benefits, China's national ETS is a good example of exploiting the ETS' flexibility. Political and administrative characteristics (EU, Germany, UK, California), Kyoto, Brussels, and OECD effects (Mexico and other jurisdictions) play an important role in the choice in favour of ETS. The experience of complex and comprehensive low-carbon development strategies already being implemented shows that it is not necessary to place the ETS at the center, making it the cornerstone of policy. The role of ETS in the entire set of decarbonization measures can be central, supportive, or enabling. ETS can have different objectives and stimulate not only direct emission reductions, but also technological transformation, energy transition. For Russia as a federal state, conducting pilot projects with different instruments of carbon pricing implemented in different regions seems to be the best solution for the near future and finding the right instruments for the Low Greenhouse Gas Emissions Development Strategy.

Abstract
Using a structural life-cycle model, we quantify the heterogeneous impact of school closures during the corona crisis on children affected at different ages and coming from households with different parental characteristics. In the model, public investment through schooling is combined with parental time and resource investments in the production of child human capital at different stages in the children's development process. We quantitatively characterise the long-term consequences from a COVID-19-induced loss of schooling, and find average losses in the present discounted value of lifetime earnings of the affected children of $2.1\%$, as well as welfare losses equivalent to about $1.2\%$ of permanent consumption. Because of self-productivity in the human capital production function, younger children are hurt more by the school closures than older children. The negative impact of the crisis on children's welfare is especially severe for those with parents with low educational attainment and low assets.

In 2019, the new European Commission (EC) presented its vision for climate and environmental transformation in Europe and beyond in its communication on the Green Deal. The Green Deal covers all sectors of the economy, elaborates a new concept for economic growth with climate goals at its centre, and implies a review of current EU climate and climate-related policies. An analysis of the instruments for the Green Deal's implementation and internationalization and their classification and systematization shows a wider picture of the whole complex of available and suggested new policy tools. It also clarifies the role of each of the initiatives and assesses more precisely their importance and potential for influencing the global climate agenda and relations with the Russian Federation. The analysis further reveals the balance of costs and benefits for the sectors and actors involved. The purpose of this study is to systematize the complex of the Green Deal's implementation instruments and assess the balance of various measures in the EU's menu of policy options. The EU's influence on the global agenda and the interests of other countries, including Russia, is not limited to the introduction of the carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM), which was widely covered and analyzed as a never before applied trade and climate policy tool with potential to influence global competition. Upcoming new rules to enter the European market, including through sustainable product requirements, could affect the interests of other countries even more. This influence will also be amplified by the regulatory frameworks and rules on emerging markets, such as for climate-neutral technologies and energy sources. Analysis of the initiatives suggests that the measures may be quite burdensome, especially for citizens, while the system of redistribution and compensation is not yet sufficiently developed in terms of financing and administration. Some initiatives significantly increase the transaction and administrative costs for all market participants (exporters, importers, European companies, and consumers) with fairly limited emissions reductions on a global scale. Despite these drawbacks, the Green Deal remains the most comprehensive, elaborate, detailed and ambitious initiative aimed at reaching the net-zero target. Other actors have their own reasoning for tougher climate policy, but the influence and pressure of the Deal increases the ambition of their goals and encourages them to consider the implementation of various policy options, including strict carbon regulation. Therefore, the new EU policy could become a model to identify the best solutions and practices, as well as a catalyst for global climate transition.

The European Union (EU) is trying to increase its influence on the international regulation of the digital economy through domestic and foreign policy initiatives. The EU's digital strategy, adopted in 2020, envisages measures to further consolidate the single digital market and promote EU standards and regulation internationally. The main goal of the strategy is to ensure the EU's digital sovereignty. This objective is at the core of policy measures in three priority areas: the elimination of remaining barriers in the internal market, the development of advanced technologies, and the safeguarding of the rights, freedoms and development of democracy in Europe. These three strategic priorities determine sectoral policies: 5/6G development, high performing computers, regulation of digital markets and platforms, cybersecurity, and data governance. The EU uses regulatory, economic, institutional, networking, and foreign policy instruments and mechanisms to achieve its objectives in specific policy areas. Regulation includes further raising standards for personal data protection and consumer rights, control over digital platforms, laying down a legal framework for the development of cutting-edge technologies, attracting investments, and allocating the EU's own resources to potentially occupy niches in international markets in the future, all of which will strengthen the EU's claim to leadership in regulating the digital economy and ensure its digital sovereignty. Foreign policy mechanisms are an important part of the toolkit and include a developed European diplomacy, established ties through the Neighbourhood Policy, and the conditionality of development aid.