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Newtonian science and mechanics left an important imprint on the Scottish Enlightenment. Even though the usage of mechanical metaphors, especially that of a "state machine" per se, were rare in Scottish philosophy, its conception of the human, animal and political bodies as mechanisms that function according to regular principles, or laws, helped to shape many of the theories that have now become popular in various fields of Scottish studies. Most research in these fields focus on the conceptions of history related to theories of economic advancement. In this article the author suggests that the theories produced in the Scottish Enlightenment were also nuanced attempts to describe how historical mechanisms operate.

The Jyväskylä Longitudinal Study of Personality and Social Development, in which the same individuals have been studied from the age of 8 to age 42, has warranted the conclusion that children should be encouraged toward prosocial development at an early age, because it helps them to integrate into the school environment and saves them from the cycle of maladaptation. A project was designed at the invitation of a Finnish parliamentary group for the enhancement of children's socioemotional development at school. The project comprises seven subprojects including interventions at three levels: the child's behavior, school as a learning environment, and the school's relationships with the surrounding world. The core of the project is the subproject for the Integrated School Day. It refers to a new learning culture with different learning, care, and leisure activities organized in cooperation between several professions. Finnish children spend long afternoons alone while both parents are working full-time. The project aims at decreasing the amount of time pupils are without adult supervision, facilitating socioemotional development by creating a firm basis for leisure activities, and strengthening the social capital of the school and initial social capital of children. The project began in 2002 in seven schools within four communities, with about 2000 students from grades 1 to 9. Beginning in the fall of 2004, the law will mandate that supervision of children's activities in the morning and afternoon should be available throughout the country for all first- and second-grade children and for special needs children at any grade.

Oili Pulkkisen valtio-opin väitöstutkimuksessa analysoidaan poliittisen ilmiötä skotlantilaisessa valistuksessa 1700-luvun jälkipuoliskolla. Näennäisen ongelmattomana pidetty politiikka-käsite paljastuu moniulotteiseksi tiedon, elämänalan ja taidon käsitekimpuksi. Työssä sovelletaan käsitehistoriallista metodologiaa uudella tavalla. Keskeinen tutkimuskohde on politiikan käsite, jota tutkittavat ajattelijat eivät pitäneet lainkaan ongelmallisena. ; Taking the polit-vocabulary – politics, polity, policy, political and a politician – as a point of departure, this study reconstructs the idea of the political in the eighteenth-century Scottish Enlightenment. A conceptual method – a particular mode of conceptual history – plays a crucial role in this study. The political is conceptualised by reading the spontaneous use of the politconceptions, metaphors and allusions of the political. According to present interpretation, politics as knowledge was interwoven to ethics and jurisprudence as well as the political was subordinated to the social, or even synonymous with it. This study contemplates an alternative interpretation of the political as a particular sphere of human life and knowledge. Three modes of the political can be reconstructed in the Scottish texts: the political as politics, the political as a particular sphere of human life, and the political as prudent activity. The internal differentiation of moral science, especially elementary lectures on morals, reflected politics as a particular branch of moral science. The political as a sphere was reflected by the concept of a political society, which represented a particular mode of human life. The differentiation of the political sphere was constructed by histories of the origins of political societies and by revisions of contractarian theories. The political as activity, or as activityoriented prudence, was separate from politics as science. Further, there were different modes of political prudence: a philosopher, a prince, a legislator, an ambassador and a leader in the Scottish texts. Scottish philosophers reflected the political rather by revising classical vocabulary of the political rather than by inventing new concepts and conceptions. Despite this the Scottish polit-vocabulary represented a departure from the Aristotelian unity of ethics, justice and politics.

Die Autorin zeigt am Beispiel des Identitätsbegriffs, wie weit der Bogen der Rezeptionsmöglichkeiten von Hannah Arendts Schriften gespannt werden kann. In der Auseinandersetzung mit verschiedenen feministischen Lesarten von Arendts Denken verdeutlicht sie, dass Arendts aufgeworfene Fragen sowohl modern als auch postmodern gelesen werden. Die verschiedenen Rezeptionsweisen stehen in enger Beziehung zur persönlichen, geschlechtlichen und nationalen Identität und zeigen, wie komplex und vielschichtig diese Identitätsfragen in Arendts Denken angelegt sind. Die Autorin geht von der These aus, dass sich in all diesen Bereichen ein an Ursprüngen orientiertes Interesse von einem performativen, auf unzählbare Wiederholungen hin orientierten Verständnis unterscheidet. Es stellt sich daher die Frage, wie weit sich das Denken Hannah Arendts jeweils in diese beiden Richtungen orientiert und inwieweit ihre behandelten Fragen der Identität tatsächlich in die postmoderne Richtung weisen, die verschiedene Identitäten als Produkte von sich wiederholenden Tätigkeiten ohne Grund, Anfang, Kern und Ursprung betrachtet. (ICI2)

Theoretical and Technical Solutions for Preservation of Electronic Records in Finland