Suchergebnisse

Diese Arbeit hat die heimliche Online-Durchsuchung zum Thema, eine verdeckte staatliche Maßnahme zur Informationsgewinnung mittels Infiltration informationstechnischer Systeme. Sie wurde und wird aktuell von deutschen Behörden verwendet, wobei ihr Einsatz nach wie vor hoch umstritten ist. Die Arbeit umreißt zunächst die technischen, rechtlichen und gesellschaftlichen Rahmenbedingungen und fasst die Diskussion der letzten Jahre zusammen, um danach die technisch-gesellschaftlichen Implikationen dieser Maßnahme zu analysieren. Methodisch werden aus Aussagen von Akteuren der Politik, den gesellschaftlich-rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen und den Prinzipien der modernen Rechnerarchitektur die konzeptionellen Anforderungen, Funktionen und Eigenschaften der Software einer solchen Maßnahme entwickelt. Aus dieser konzeptionellen Beschreibung können konkrete technische Eigenschaften abgeleitet werden, weil die beschriebenen Konzepte in einer gegebenen Computersystemarchitektur nicht beliebig implementierbar sind. An der so konstruierten prototypischen Software können dann notwendige technisch-gesellschaftliche Folgen, Fähigkeiten und Auswirkungen analysiert werden. Diese hergeleiteten Eigenschaften werden dann mit dem Verfassungsgerichtsurteil zur Online-Durchsuchung aus dem Jahre 2008 und den dort geforderten technisch-rechtlichen Beschränkungen zusammengeführt. So können vom Gericht formulierte Anforderungen in reale Konsequenzen transformiert werden. Die gefundenen Ergebnisse sind wie folgt zusammenzufassen: 1. Eine Funktionsbeschränkung der Software kann weder sichergestellt noch belegt werden, daher muss immer die maximale Eingriffshürde zur Anwendung kommen. 2. Erlangte Daten haben grundsätzlich keinen Beweiswert, sofern sie keinen eigenen intrinsischen Personenbezug aufweisen (z. B. Bilder, die Personen zeigen). 3. Die Trennung von Telekommunikations- und Nichttelekommunikationsdaten ist technisch nicht hinreichend lösbar, daher muss immer — auch für eine Quellen-TKÜ — die maximale Eingriffshürde zur Anwendung kommen. 4. Der Kernbereich privater Lebensgestaltung ist praktisch immer betroffen, technischer Kernbereichsschutz ist prinzipiell nicht möglich. Diese Resultate widersprechen der aktuellen politischen Praxis und implizieren, dass Exekutive und Legislative ihr Verständnis der Online-Durchsuchung konsequent korrigieren müssen. Die Arbeit soll darüber hinaus die aktuelle Diskussion generell um notwendige technische Grundlagen bereichern. ; This work deals with the so called secret online search ("heimliche Online-Durchsuchung"), which is an official covert measure for obtaining information by means of infiltration of information technology systems. It is currently being used by German authorities, while its use is still highly controversial. The thesis first outlines the technical, legal and social situation and summarizes the discussion of the recent years. Then the technical and social implications of this measure are analyzed thoroughly. The methodological approach consists of developing the functional requirements of such software by collecting statements of actors in politics, taking into account the applicable social and legal background as well as the principles of modern computer architecture. From this conceptual description concrete technical characteristics can be derived, since the concepts described cannot be arbitrarily implemented given the existing computer-systems-architecture of modern computers. Then necessary and likely technical-social consequences, abilities and effects of this prototypical software are inferred. These derived characteristics will then be contrasted by the Constitutional Court ruling in 2008 concerning the Online-Search and its technical-legal restrictions. Using this approach, the abstract requirements formulated by the court can be practically applied. The results can be summarized as follows: 1. A functional limitation of the software can neither be ensured nor proofed. Therefore, the maximum legal barrier for application must be used. 2. Data obtained by that means does not have any value as evidence unless it has its own intrinsic personal references (eg, pictures showing people). 3. The separation in telecommunication and non-telecommunication data is technically not sufficiently solved, therefore the maximum legal barrier for application must be used - also for "source tapping" (Quellen-TKÜ). 4. The core area of private life (Kernbereich privater Lebensgestaltung) is almost always affected, automated technical protection is not possible. These results contradict current political practice, implying that the executive and legislative must consistently correct their understanding of the Online-Search. In addition, this thesis aims at generally enriching the current debate with the necessary technical knowledge in understandable form.

This study deals with the phenomenon of paradiplomacy, or parallel diplomacy. Paradiplomacy refers to international activities of cities and regions and includes marketing and public diplomacy, cross-border cooperation, functional trans-border cooperation, cultural and educational cooperation, and other activities. Paradiplomacy developed in the last third of the 20th century as a result of economic globalization, state decentralization, nationalism and the strengthening of regional identity, European integration, and the internationalization of cultural, educational, environmental, transport and other topics labelled as "low politics". Thus, we can identify both economic and political foundations of paradiplomacy. The first part of the study presents a review of literature on paradiplomacy; the second part is a case study of foreign policy instituted by the City of Prague in the electoral term 2006-2010. This case study confirmed initial hypotheses: first, that paradiplomacy is influenced by three supra-national factors: economic globalization (a), regional and global political and economic regimes (b), and transnational networks, mainly based in the EU (c); second, that paradiplomacy is influenced by institutional and constitutional relations between the centre and regions; third, that paradiplomacy is influenced by the antagonistic nature of these relations. Adapted from the source document.

Since the explosion of 'monster culture' among adolescents in the 1960s, model kits, statues and toys based on horror-movie icons have played a key role in fan activities surrounding fantastic film and television. From magazines such as Famous Monsters to garage kits and
collectible companies, these 'object practices' provide an alternative means of mapping the history, present and future of fantastic-media franchises, moving beyond reductive conceptions of marketing and promotion to suggest that material incarnations of science fiction, horror
and fantasy texts are essential to their cultural persistence and commercial viability.

The present study deals with mediation as a possible tool for peaceful conflict resolution. Mediation is a non-violent intervention of a third party in a conflict. It is aimed at finding a solution to the conflict that would be acceptable for both sides, which are incapable of finding such a solution on their own. The existing theoretical frameworks of mediation analyse mainly its static aspects. Thus the author seeks to analyse its dynamic aspects and define the necessary conditions which may lead to a peaceful resolution of a conflict. As an example, the article presents a case study based on the civil war in Liberia, which lasted more than six years. It took several rounds of mediation and thirteen signed peace accords until a peace resolution of the first civil war was finally achieved. Through his qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) of these peace accords, the author concludes with a general assessment of mediation for peace resolutions of African conflicts. Adapted from the source document.

An audio recording of the Gendered Fan Labor in New Media and Old Workshop from the 2008 Console-ing Passions conference, hosted by the University of California, Santa Barbara.

The origin of the apartheid regime was based on the Calvinist idea of Afrikaners being "the nation privileged by God." This idea had resulted in sharp discrimination of the African population since the 1850's. This political process was even more strengthened during the Nationalist Party (NP) period of government after the 1948 elections. Afrikaner nationalism reached its peak in May 1961 with the unilateral declaration of an independent South African Republic. But the apartheid regime entered into a period of deep crisis at the end of the 70's, and the fragile status quo started to become untenable. The new Prime Minister PW Botha initiated a reform process, which was refused by conservative members. They withdrew from the NP and formed the Conservative Party (CP). Its strongly nationalistic rhetoric was caused by the increasing activity of black organizations, and was reflected in the results of the 1987 elections when it became the strongest opposition party with 30% of the votes. Nevertheless, the reform process continued. The new president FW de Klerk legalized the black organizations, released political prisoners, and arranged the national referendum in which white voters decided to end the apartheid regime. Together with the consecutive loss of influential positions in the army and the death of the CP's leader, it substantially weakened the position of the Afrikaner conservative right wing. Finally, one section of the right wing decided to terminate the boycott of negotiations and to participate in the forthcoming elections. The only Afrikaner party was called the Freedom Front (FF), but it gained only 2% of the votes. The peaceful course during and after the elections weakened the conservatives even further. In the elections of 1999 and 2004, the FF didn't exceed even 1% of votes and is now a marginalized political party. Some militarized illegal organizations still exist in South Africa, but the government has been successful in eliminating these groups. Afrikaner nationalism still exists, but due to the evolution of the political situation it is diminishing. Adapted from the source document.